從傳統正統論論史學的工具性與當前臺灣史論述和教學的茫點

The Effects of Zhengtonglun (the Orthodox Legitimate Doctrines) upon Historiographic Instrumentalism, and upon Taiwanese History's Narrations and Teaching

倪仲俊(Chung-Chun Ni)

《通識研究集刊》 9期 (2006/06) Pp. 155-189

https://doi.org/10.6488/JCGE.200606.0155

摘要

正統論是傳統中國特有的一套歷史哲學，也可說是用於論述政權合理性、或在族群上區辨群我的驗證原則。正統論在理論上循儒家義理而行，致其致用以政治為本位；由正統的爭議切入，亦最可看出傳統中國史書受錮於政治的運作。歷史為政治服務的結果，固然增加歷史知識的致用功能，但經世目的所造就歷史知識的工具性，也難免會回頭傷害到歷史作為一種植基於過去真實之上的知識本質。至於正統論在廿世紀初史學革命前後所受到的批判，除了是種史學反省外，也反應出此事實：中國在轉型為具現代性的國族國家時，面臨了原先對於政權正當性論述的論理已經崩塌，而有建立新論理的需求。中國史學的工具性也未因引入科學方法或專業化而解構，反而在與西方啟蒙史學的線性史觀重合後，使史學被視作是國族主義的載具。本文以過去百年間本土的臺灣通史論述舉其要者進行分析，發現其論述範式從承襲正統論、繼而質變、最後又悖反的過程中，除體現其研究觀點從中國中心轉而以臺灣中心為本位的趨向外，論者並不因此而暫免其於歷史著述中論及政治正當性的問題、或利用此正當性此來創造其敘述主體溯古至今的連續性以遂行國族想像。由是，在範式解構與重構的過程中，其所解構者，乃是論述的價值內涵，而非其工具內涵。同時，部份學者或對於過去臺灣史論述與歷史教育之工具性有所拒斥，但是在解構的過程中，卻又自陷此一工具性的宰制。

關鍵字

正統論 ； 臺灣史 ； 國族想像 ； 歷史教學 ； 連橫 ； 郭廷以

並列摘要

Zhengtonglun (the Orthodox Legitimate Doctrines) is a particular historic philosophy in traditional China. The fact that Zhengtonglun followed Confucian principles made it political-centric. Meanwhile, those past rebates around orthodox legitimacies revealed that China’s historiography were bound by political activities. As a result of that history served politics, not only did the history become a statecraft instrument, but also the history's nature, which is a knowledge basing on past true facts, was hurt. The critiques on zhengtonglun during the early twenty century when ”the historiographic revolution” happened reflected a collapse of the older principles, according to which China's traditional intellectuals could identify the legitimacies of the past and contemporary political authorities, and a need for new principles. Meanwhile, the import of the sciential methods and professionalizing did not lead the instrumentalism of China's traditional historiography de-constructed, but the history became a carrier of nationalism when the older historiography was merged by the western enlightenment lineal history. Through examining the important Taiwanese history works, this paper finds that the narrative paradigm of Taiwanese history experienced a process from inheriting traditional orthodox legitimate principles, then doing a qualitative change, finally to running counter to zhengtonglun. This process reveals that the narrations of Taiwanese history tended to be more Taiwan-centric, instead of China-centric. However, during this process some historians still discussed and re-defined legitimacy in their historic narrations and utilized this legitimacy withsome new principles to create the continuity for their narrative subject in order to do their nation-imagining. Meanwhile, some scholars even denied the historiographic instrumentalism to effect on Taiwanese history's narrations and teaching but, consciously or non-consciously, failed to escape from the dominances of this instrumentalism.

並列關鍵字

zhengtonglun orthodox legitimate doctrines ； Taiwanese History ； imagined communities ； history teaching ； Lien Heng ； Kuo Ting-yee