從六朝三本觀音應驗記看觀音信仰入華的調適情況

對於觀音信仰傳入中國的調適情況，能由六朝觀音應驗記裏的記載來窺見。六朝留存的應驗記有東晉傅亮《光世音應驗記》、劉宋張演《續光世音應驗記〉、染陸杲《繫觀世音應驗記》。從這些應驗記保存的相關內容，可知道觀音初傳中國的狀況：一、當時觀音信仰是被士族支持，而傳揚下來，隨著其時政治中心移往南方發展，觀音崇拜也跟著轉往南方江湖地區流傳；二、依據應驗經驗會彼此分享的道理，應驗記中的人物就應包括在同信者中。故那時應驗記的主人翁，如以僧人和官吏為主角（中下級官吏為主），那信仰的接受人及應驗記的讀者，就是以他們為主；三、南北朝時，因中國處於動盪的時代，人民常會遇到兵亂、賊亂、水、火災難，因而應驗記亦宣揚觀音可救助這些危難，並給予民眾獲救的證明，菩薩能力即以解決這些困難為要事；四、應驗記所記錄到的觀音神蹟發生地，便是信仰傳播地。河北、陝西、河南為信仰佛教朝代如前秦、後秦與後趙活動地，他們則比其他地方更能成為觀音信仰地區。而南方江、浙地域，屬於南方各代繁榮地，自然亦適合觀音崇拜的傳佈。最後，從單純稱名即可獲菩薩救助、觀音可違逆果業報應、觀音偶像崇拜出現、融進中國式鬼魂等，都能看出觀音信仰也出現中國化的適應傾向。

關鍵字

觀音信仰；觀音應驗記；六朝；傅亮；張演；陸杲

並列摘要

Guanyin Manifestations from the Six Dynasties give the world a glimpse of how the faith of Guanyin localized after it was introduced to China. The manifestations from the Six Dynasties include Fu Liang's ”Guang Shi Yin Manifestation” from the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Zhang Yen's ”Continued Accounts of Guang Shi Yin Manifestation” from the Liu Song Dynasty and Lu Gao's ”Addendum to Guan Shi Yin Manifestation” from the Liang Dynasty. The contents of the three Manifestations gave early accounts of when Guanyin was first introduced to China. Firstly, the faith of Guanyin was supported by the scholar-officials and became widely spread. As the political focus shifted south, so did the faith of Guanyin. It became popular in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Secondly, the reason why the Manifestations were shared among people is that the readers were reflected through the characters. If the characters in these books were monks and officials, the monks and the officials were also the readers. Thirdly, the Southern and Northern Dynasties were a period of turbulence in China. People suffered from war, riots, fire and natural disasters such as flood. The Manifestations provided stories and testimonies about Guanyin's rescues. Fourthly, in the Manifestations, the locations where the miracles occurred were also where the religion was popularized. In Former Qin, Later Qin and Later Zhao Dynasties where Buddhism was active, their bases such as Hebei, Shaanxi and Henan provinces naturally became where the faith of Guanyin became popular. Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, the prosperous regions in the south, were also ideal for the faith of Guanyin. And lastly, the facts that by simply calling for Guanyin's name, one can be rescued, and that Guanyin can defy karma, and the idol worshipping of Guanyin, and the incorporation of Chinese ghosts all demonstrate the localization of the faith of Guanyin in China.