- 期刊
- OpenAccess
論布克哈特《世界史的考察》－歷史研究的任務與理想
on Burckhartst's Weltgeschichteliche Betrachtungen,the Task and Idel of Burckhardt's Historical Researching
摘要
一般學界，多半僅將布克哈特（後簡稱布氏）視爲藝術史家或文藝復興專家，而甚少提及其在歷史思想方面的成就。而編集其課堂講義及演講稿所成的《世界史的考察》一書，響來被認爲是最能反應其歷史思想的著作。著眼於此，本文擬透過此書，探討其歷史研究的任務與理想。
布氏歷史教學的任務，在培養學生自己形成「歷史感」的能力，且其目的在培育出「教養人士」，而並不只是訓練專業史家。而布氏歷史研究的特色，是以「人」爲其研究的唯一出發點。他從紛亂無常的具象歷史中，發現一個「反複、永恆且類型的」「精神性連續體」。其史學研究的理想，即在將此「精神性連續體」的觀念，傳達給有志於教養的人士，讓他們免於世俗權力的媚惑，而追求「真正的知識」。
本文的另一重點，在於考察此「精神性連續體」的概念及內容。筆者認爲此「精神性連續體」包含兩個二元背反的原則：「普遍人性」（人性論）及「藝術文化的遺産」（藝術論）。「人性論」考察人的現實面，即「病態的」一面；而「藝術論」則考察人的理想面、即自由精神下的藝術創作所形成的「美的世界」。如此，布氏巧妙地結合了歷史研究與研究巧妙地結合，成爲十九世紀最具有原創性的史家之一。而這個部分也提及布氏此種歷史思想，與叔本華意志哲學之間的關係。
最後本文指出，《世界史的考察》一書，充分體現了布氏歷史觀和藝術觀，甚至其人生觀與世界觀。在其灰暗、悲觀、諷刺而華麗的語調之下，其實深含捍衛歐洲文化遺産的積極意義。尼採對布氏推崇倍至，尊稱他爲「我們偉大的導師」並讚揚其歷史研究「爲人類生命做出貢獻」。
並列摘要
The goal of this artical is that, through the reading of Jacob Burckhardt's ,,Weltgeschichtliche B etrachtungen”(Reflections on History), to probe into the task and ideal of Burckhardt's historical researching. Burckhardt was usually be deemed as a art historican or cultural historian, but the writer treat Burckhardt as a historical thinker, and so forth to discuss this artical. Burckhardt was of the opinion that the teaching of history is to training students for himself the ability of forming ,,historical sense”, and brought up ”educated people” (Die Gebildete), and not just to nurture specialize historian. And the role of his historical researching if that, the only point of departure of researching is from ”human”(der Mensch) itself, and he found out a ”repeatable, constant, typical” ”spirital continuous”(geitstes Kontinuum) from the varied and mutable specific history. And his ideal of historical study was precisely to convey the ideal of ”spirital continuous” to the people who ambitions for cultivate himself, avoid himself from the lure of the earth power, and pursuit the ”real knowledge”. Beside, another focus of this article is to investigate the ideal and contents of this ”spirital continuous”. The writer deem that, the ”spirital continuous” included two antinomy principle: ”common humanity”(human nature) and ”art-cultural heritage”(artistic thinking). The ”human nature” approach the practical aspect of humanity, namely ”pathological” (pathologisch) aspect; and ”artistic thinking” describes about the ideal aspect of humanity, namely a ”world of beauty” that be formed by works of art in free spirit. As such, Burckhardt cleverly combined historical study with research of art together, and become the most original historian in nineteenth century. And the article refers also about the relation of Burckhart's thinking with Schopenhauer's philosophy.
At least, this article point out, ”Weltgeschichtlich Betrachtungen” embodied adequately not only the view of history and art, but also the view of life and the world. Under his dark, pessimistic, satirical gorgeous intonation, in fact deeply comprehended of a positive meaning of safeguarding the culture heritage of Europa. Nietzsche was highly respectful for toward Burckhardt, praise dubbed him ”our great teacher”, and glorified about his historical study ”have serviced the life”.