試論《石音夫醒迷功過格》對儒釋道三教的看法

Comment on the View of 〈Shih Yin-fu Advisory Book of Merits and Demerits〉 Toward Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism

蕭登福(Teng-Fu Hsiao)

《新世紀宗教研究》 1卷3期 (2003/03) Pp. 79-103

摘要

《功過格》旨在將人所行的善與惡，分別記載而加以計數，因此常分為「功格」與「過格」。《太微仙君功過格》是檢記功過這類書之最早者。而《石音夫醒迷功過格》雖以「功過格」為書名，但卻和一般的功過格大不相同，沒有「功」條「過」條的表列方式及計數法，全書以小說的方式來書寫，反而略似宣講的寶卷。
《石音夫醒迷功過格》是一本以道教感應思想和宋明理學相結合的勸善書，書中對「持齋」、「戒殺」及「誦經唸佛」等看法，與一般的勸善書不同。且其不以「出家」、「出世」為依歸，反而勸人由「在家」與「入世」做起，鼓勵從儒家的孝悌忠信等倫常著手，努力造福人群社會。其亦不主張剃髮出家、拜佛誦經過一生，也反對內外丹藥的燒煉鉛汞。修道即在實踐服侍父母、奉獻社會、有益於人民等倫常、道德，和宋明理學的內聖（格物、致知、誠意、正心）外王（修身、齊家、治國、平天下）之說法相近。只是理學僅在行人事，不涉及神仙，而《石音夫醒迷功過格》則認為盡人事即是修仙之方，神仙
即由此而來。

關鍵字

善書 ； 功過格 ； 道教 ； 理學 ； 佛教 ； 黃黑豆

並列摘要

Books of merits and demerits record and list the good deeds and bad deeds of people respectively. They are usually divided into the books of merits and the books of demerits. The Book of Merits and Demerits of Tai Wei Celestial is the first book of this kind. Although Shih Yin-fu Advisory Book of Merits and Demerits has the title of ”book of merits and demerits”, it is quite different from other books which assume the same title. It does not list all the good deeds and bad deeds. Instead, it is presented in the form of novels, like precious scrolls for preaching.
Shih Yin-fu Advisory Book of Merits and Demerits is an advisory book which combines the concept of interaction in Taoism and the Confucian School Idealist Philosophy of the Sung and Ming Dynasties. The views toward fast, abstention from killing, chanting and recitation of sutra in the book differ from those of other advisory books. It does not encourage people to become monks and withdraw from society. Instead, it advises people to do good deeds from their own houses and put themselves in the human world. The book encourages people to fulfill the traditional Chinese concepts of the proper ethical relationship in Confucianism, such as filial piety, sibling affection, loyalty and sincerity and dedicate themselves to the well-being of the society. It does not propose performing tonsure ceremonies, becoming monks or spending one's life in chanting and reciting sutra. In addition, the book is against making pills of immortality from lead and mercury. It suggests that cultivating one's spiritual and religious life equals to caring for parents, dedicating oneself to society and following the traditional Chinese concepts of the proper ethical relationship. Its viewpoints are similar to the concepts of the sage inside (investigation of things, extension to the utmost knowledge, sincerity in one's thoughts and rectification of the heart) and the king outside (cultivation of one's character, regulation of one's family, right governing of one's state and bringing tranquility and happiness throughout the kingdom) of the Confucian School Idealist Philosophy of the Sung and Ming Dynasties. However, the Confucian School Idealist Philosophy of the Sung and Ming Dynasties focuses on doing everything one ought to do without discussing deities. Shih Yin-fu Advisory Book of Merits and Demerits, on the other hand, suggests that doing everything one ought to do is the means to become deities.

並列關鍵字

advisory books ； books of merits and demerits ； Taoism ； theConfucian School Idealist Philosophy ； Buddhism ； soybeans and black soybeans

參考文獻

中華大典編印會(1968)。印光法師文鈔。

中村元、余萬居譯(1984)。中國佛教發展史。台灣:天華出版公司。

日本道教協會編。東方宗教。

(1994)。卍續藏經。台灣新文豐。

日本天理圖書館藏，《關聖帝君萬應靈籤》，北平蒙文書社敬印。