“玄關一竅”：道教生命仙學向民間宗教的轉化

「開啟玄關一竅」，是古來道教仙家重要的修行法門，被視為是得道成仙、修成正果的憑證。尤其是唐、宋時期盛極一時的道教「內丹派」，更將玄關一竅的修行法門，作了充分的發揮。明、清以後，道教在表面上雖然走向衰微，然而此一生命仙學的關竅，卻得到成功的轉化，成為往後多數興起於民間的教派所承繼。民間宗教對玄關一竅的闡述，嚴格來說也許是和道教原本的「玄關一竅」相去甚遠，但應該也可視為是經過轉化的合理現象，本文即是對此一現象的初步探討。本文首先就道教「玄關一竅」的由來與發展作分析，其次則分從兩方面探討民間宗教對道教「玄關一竅」的擷取與轉化。一是用於民間宗教的入教儀式，二是作為民間宗教的得救教義思想。並以此來印證學界曾提出，明清道教有民間宗教化的說法。

關鍵字

玄關一竅；一貫道；道教；民間宗教

並列摘要

”Open the Holy Gate” was an important way of cultivation in the ancient Taoism, and it was also the proof of achieving the immortal hood. Especially in Tang and Song dynasty, the popular Taoist ”Internal Alchemy Sect” completely developed the way of cultivation to the best. In later Ming and Ching dynasty, Taoism seemed more unpopular; however, the immortal study of life of the ”Holy Gate” achieved the successful transformation, and succeeded to the folk religion. Seriously speaking, the elaboration of ”Holy Gate” from folk religion was quite different with original Taoism. Nevertheless, it might be a reasonable phenomenon for transformation, and this article is to discuss the phenomenon. At first, the article is to analyze the origin and the development of the ”Holy Gate”. Then, it discusses the pick and transformation of the Taoist ”Holy Gate” for folk religion from two perspectives. One is the initiation ceremony of folk religion, and the other is the doctrine of the salvation of the folk religion. Also, the article uses it to prove the academic sayings about Taoism transformed into folk religion that in Ming and Ching dynasty.