中共與建國初期民間戲曲遺產的搶救挖掘運動

民間戲曲是當代中國文化的重要組成部分。本文以第一手檔案、方志、報刊等資料為基礎，探討1950-1960年代民間戲曲文化遺產的搶救、挖掘、整理運動，重構此一階段的歷史脈絡和線索。在戲曲資源搶救、挖掘整理運動中，中共文化幹部和知識精英依然存在「走向人民」的強烈傾向，做了很多具體工作，很大程度上保護了傳統文化。與民國時期知識份子主導的「民間文學」運動不同，民間戲曲搶救和整理運動，是共產黨政府主導，知識份子、劇團、老藝人等多元社會力量共同配合下完成，同時獲得了財政和社會輿論上的廣泛支持，收效甚大。但是保護傳統文化和根據意識形態改造文化之間始終存在很強的張力，這導致了運動的最終失敗。我們需要把中共的「民間戲曲運動」置於現代中國思想史中來觀察分析，這是晚清以來戲曲改良的歷史延續，而現代中國面對民間文化的認同分歧也發生在共產黨政權內部。

關鍵字

民間戲曲；挖掘整理；現代性；連續性

並列摘要

Folk opera is an important part of modern Chinese culture. This article discusses the movement of rescuing and exploring folk opera during the 1950s and 1960s, reconstructs historical skeleton based on first hand materials of archives, newspapers and local chronicles. During the folk opera exploring movement, cultural officials and intellectuals of the Communist Party still had strong will of ＂going to people＂. They did lots of specific things to protect traditional opera culture. This movement is different from the folk literature movement during the pre PRC period, since this movement was led by the communist party government, cooperating by intellectuals, opera troupe, old artists and other social community, gaining enough finical and public support. But there was strong tension between protecting traditional culture and reforming it in accordance with the new ideology, which led to final failure of this movement. We also need to observe and analyze this opera movement with the modern Chinese intellectual history as background. The movement was a part of the opera reform started from the late Qing Dynasty, and the Chinese community party also inherited the conflictions of folk cultural identifying in the modern history.