民族主義、人民主權與西方現代性

Nationalism, Popular Sovereignty and Western Modernity

蔡英文(Ying-Wen Tsai)

《政治與社會哲學評論》 3期 (2002/12) Pp. 1-47

https://doi.org/10.6523/168451532002120003001

摘要

本文以現代主權國家與資本主義生產體系為脈絡，闡釋民族主義如何起源與發展，而成為一種優勢的政治意識型態。如我們所見，民族主義一方面構成國家之正當性的統治，另一方面則成為「國族建構」所訴求的理念。在觀念的層次上，民族主義與人民主權理念的發展有著密切的關係。人民作為國家立憲的主體，進而被論證為最高主權的基源，是十七世紀社約論之主權學說的論旨。這種理念在十八世紀末葉，經由法國大革命的洗禮，人民被塑造成為代表生產階級之「民族」整體，並構成「制憲權」的載體。降至十九世紀，德意志的浪漫主義進一步賦予民族一種文化有機體之生命，因而，從憲政為主導的人民認同轉向以語言文化為母體的民族認同。現代民族主義的形塑遂匯合了憲政與語言文化之認同構成的環節。在闡釋民族主義何以自十九世紀以來成為普遍、而且具有主導性的意識型態，本文以蓋爾勒的資本主義工業化社會之「高級文化」與安德遜的「印刷資本主義」與「想像共同體」之學說為本，嘗試做一種連貫的說明，並指出他們的論證無法充分解釋何以民族認同得以被神聖化的政治因素。

關鍵字

人民主權 ； 民族文化 ； 共同語言 ； 資本主義之高級文化想像共同體

並列摘要

Nationalism has become one of the dominate political ideology in modern world since last century. This article tries to interpret the origins of nationalism and its unfolding in terms of the context of the formation of modem sovereign state and capitalist-industrial society. Viewed form the perspective of history of ideas, nationalism is originated from the ideal of ”popular sovereignty” which can be traced back to the ideal of the ”people” and its consent as the legitimate foundation for sovereign state in Hobbesian and Rousseauian doctrine of sovereignty. This contractarian ideal of ”people” is interpreted as the idea of ”nation” viewed as the hegemony of bourgeoisie in the course of French Revolution, and developed further into a cultural organism of Volk by German Romantic movement. Following this interpretation, this article argues that the formation of nationalism is constituted by constitutionalist idea of people and ethnic conception of cultural identity. In explaining why nationalism has become the prevalent and dominate ideology since 19th century, this article makes an exposition of Ernest Gellner's and Benedic Anderson's doctrine of nationalism. Both social anthropologists make an effort to explain the origin of nationalist ideology in the context of the shaping of modern culture embedded in the capitalist-industrial society. Although both of them give us an insight into the cause of nationalism, they are unable to interpret the political factors that elevate the ideal of nation into the ”sacred” for those who follow the inspiration of nationalism.

並列關鍵字

nationalism ； popular sovereignty ； cultural identity ； Volk ； industrial society's high culture ； imagined community

參考文獻

江宜樺 Jiang, Yi-Huah(1998)。自由主義、民族主義與國家認同 Liberalism, nationalism and national identity。臺北市:揚智文化。

蔡英文 Tsai, Ying-Wu(1996)。評介約瑟夫‧雷茲（Joseph Raz）《公共領域的理論：論述法律與政治的道德性》 Raz 'Ethics in the Public Domain: Essays in the Morality of Law and Politics', 1944。東吳政治學報 Soochow Journal of Political Science。9

蔡英文 Tsai, Ying-Wu(1999)。古典共和之市民社會概念與奧古斯丁政治神學的解釋。臺灣哲學研究。2

蔡英文 Tsai, Ying-Wu(1999)。西歐民族主義起源的兩種解釋：艾禮‧坎度理（Elie Kedourie）與厄尼斯特‧蓋爾勒（Ernest Gellner）的觀點分析 Two Interpretations of the Origins of European Nationalism: Elie Kedourie and Ernest Gellner。問題與研究 Wenti Yu Yanjiu。38(5)

蔡英文 Tsai, Ying-Wu(2001)。自由主義。臺北:中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所。