近代中國民族主義的發展：兼論民族主義的兩個問題

The Development of Modern Chinese Nationalism: with a Consideration of Two Problems Concerning Nationalism

沈松僑(Sung-Chiao Shen)

《政治與社會哲學評論》 3期 (2002/12) Pp. 49-119

https://doi.org/10.6523/168451532002120003002

摘要

民族主義是推動近代中國歷史變遷最大的思想動力，也是學界長期爭議的重要課題。本文主要分為三個部份，試圖勾勒近代中國民族主義的根源、發展及其所蘊涵的若干問題。對於民族主義的根源問題，本文基本上採取一種修正式的「建構論」立場，認為中國民族主義乃是在特定的歷史條件下，被人為地建構出來的文化產物。不過，這個建構的過程，卻受到前近代中國「族類」論述的重大制約與囿限。在第二部份，本文採用「國家中心」的研究取向，並根據民族主義運動實踐主體的變化及其擴散普及的程度，將1895年以後中國民族主義的發展，分為「啓航期」、「操演期」與「著陸期」等三個不同階段。本文的最後一部份，則針對中國民族主義發展過程中特別突出的兩項議題－民族主義與「現代性」的糾葛以及民族建構中所涉及的個人與國家之關係，略作討論。本文在結論中，指出民族主義與自由民主這兩項重要價值在近代中國的衝突與緊張，從而強調對任何形式的民族主義意識形態與政治運動，均應保持戒慎警惕的批判態度。

關鍵字

民族主義 ； 近代中國 ； 現代性 ； 國家主權 ； 人民主權

並列摘要

Nationalism has been the greatest intellectual dynamic behind the transformations of modern Chinese history, and it has long been a controversial topic among scholars. This essay is divided into three parts: the origins of modern Chinese nationalism, its development, and two particular problems it raises. In considering the origins of nationalism, this essay takes a revisionist ”constructivism” approach, based on the assumption that Chinese nationalism was a cultural artifact deliberately constructed by people under particular historical conditions. However, this process of construction was shaped and limited by the early modem Chinese discourse on ”race” (zulei). In the second section, this essay uses a state-centered methodology and divides the development of Chinese nationalism since 1895 into three moments-moment of 'departure', of 'manoeuvre', and of 'arrival'-based on the changes in, and the degree of universalization of, the practicing subject of the nationalist movement. The final section of this essay briefly tackles two special problems that emerged in the course of the development of Chinese nationalism: first, the entanglement of nationalism with 'modernity' and second, the relationship between individual and state in the construction of the nation. In the conclusion, this essay points to the conflicts and tensions between the two important values in modem China of nationalism and liberal democracy, thus emphasizing the need for preserving a critical attitude toward nationalist ideologies and political movements in all their forms.

並列關鍵字

nationalism ； modern China ； modernity ； state sovereignty ； popular sovereignty

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