自由主義與政治的侷限

Liberalism and the Limits of Politics

曾國祥(Roy Tseng)

《政治與社會哲學評論》 8期 (2004/03) Pp. 79-120

https://doi.org/10.6523/168451532004030008003

摘要

本文先從三個面向，集中論述羅爾斯呈現在《政治自由主義》之中的政治觀，此即政治性正義概念、公共領域與政治優先性；並嘗試整理該部經典之作對於社群主義原先批判《正義論》之三要論點，所做出的重要回應，依循沈岱爾的見解，本文接著指出，後期羅爾斯所闡揚的政治優先論題，其實是立基於從正義概念本身所推演出來的關公共領域與非公共領域之區別的憲政王義觀點這項區別是可議的，因為它是進一步建立在某種二元的知識論前提之上。更清楚地說，此一知識論前提假定我們作為一位民主公民與作為一位文化成員，所具備的道德行動性，有所不同；若此屬實，則我們體現在政治領域中的道德思辨能力將合大大受到限制，也就是只能對薄弱的正當理念形成共識，而無法對厚實的善觀獲得相同的結論。這樣一來，政治自由主義在政治領域中所懸而未解的難題，正是價值相對主義這個深深困擾民主社會的道德危機。

關鍵字

羅爾斯 ； 沈岱爾 ； 政治自由主義 ； 公共領域 ； 正當優先 ； 道德行動性 ； 道德知識論

並列摘要

In this article, the author explores John Rawls' ”political liberalism” in terms of three aspects, namely a political conception of justice, the public sphere and the priority of the political, and outlines the philosopher's crucial rejoinders to his communitarian critics, such as Michael Sandel. Fallowing Sandel's later works, I then argue that Rawls' claim for the priority of the political actually depends upon an untenable distinction between the public and non-public spheres, a distinction that derives from the idea of political justice per se. That distinction is untenable, because it predicates on a certain dualist epistemological premise, which in turn keeps a tight rein on the scope of politics, by separating our public role as a democratic citizen from our social role as a cultural membership. As a result, that which political liberalism remains unsolved within the political domain is nothing but the crisis of moral relativism that truly bothers a modern democratic society.

並列關鍵字

John Rawls ； Michael Sandel ； political liberalism ； public sphere ； priority of right ； moral agency ； moral epistemology

參考文獻

Rawls, J.(1971).(A Theory of Justice).

MacIntyre, A.(1981).(After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory).

Avineri, S.,A. de-Shalit(1996).(Communitarianism and Individualism).

Bell, D.(1993).(Communitarianism and Its Critics).

Taylor, C.(1989).Cross-Purposes: The Liberal-Communitarian Debate.(Cross-Purposes: The Liberal-Communitarian Debate).