重新思考公民身分的政治面向：移居中國之台灣人公民身分政策為例

Bringing Politics Back In: Regulating Dual Citizenship of Taiwanese Migrants in China

曾嬿芬(Yen-Fen Tseng) ； 吳介民(Jieh-Min Wu)

《政治與社會哲學評論》 32期 (2010/03) Pp. 93-143

https://doi.org/10.6523/168451532010030032003

摘要

近年來對於移民的公民身分研究觀點逐漸移往社會經濟權，這樣的研究觀點認為，不論是移出國或者移入國，都逐漸將公民身分的法律面向（比如具有哪些權利）和政治面向（比如忠誠）區分開來，而越來越傾向解決與生活就業最為相關的社會經濟權利面向。本文採用「將政治帶回來」的立場，挑戰目前移民研究中將公民身分拆解之後只重視社會經濟面、盡量不去碰觸政治面的觀點。本文將藉由分析對中國與台灣管理移居中國的台灣人公民身分政策，主張研究移民與公民身分政策的課題，必須放在移居國與移出國的關係中來探討，兩國之間的關係如何影響它們各自對於流動兩地之移民的身分政策考量？我們認為公民身分的政治面仍是移居國和移出國考量移民公民身分政策的基礎，尤其是牽涉雙重身分時，更是如此。我們認為公民身分的政治意義是移居國願意或者遲疑賦予移民全面性公民身分的主因，也是移出國考慮是否准予移出者保留公民身分的考量。

關鍵字

移民 ； 公民身分 ； 公民權 ； 社會權 ； 健保 ； 台灣 ； 中國

並列摘要

Many researchers have redefined citizenship to understand better the membership status aspired to and demanded by contemporary migrants, and how states have responded to these demands. Brubaker has argued that many postwar migrants live as ”resident non-citizens” who might not aspire to naturalize. What matter most to them are the rights to enhance or maximize their economic and social benefits. Therefore, the concept of ”membership” as opposed to citizenship was proposed in delineating the decoupling between citizenship and nationality; immigrant demands for rights and state policies in response can thereby be interpreted without considering the political meanings of citizenship. This paper, however, tries to bring politics back to the center of the analysis of citizenship. We examine the shifting policies of China (the People's Republic of China, or PRC) and Taiwan (the Republic of China, or ROC) towards the citizenship conferred to Taiwanese migrants in China. Adopting Hammar's perspective, we argue that whether the political dimension of citizenship, i.e., political loyalty, can be put aside while formulating citizenship policies is an empirical question dependent on the inter-state relation between sending and receiving states. In short, we propose to situate citizenship within inter-state relations. China, the receiving state, and Taiwan, the homeland state, have been engaged in an overt political standoff for decades. Migration from Taiwan to China challenges the conceptions of citizenship on both sides. We pose the following questions: How do inter-state relations affect dual citizenship policies on both ends? And what are the most critical aspects of citizenship considered inseparable from national loyalty?

並列關鍵字

migration ； citizenship ； citizen rights ； social rights ； health insurance ； Taiwan ； China

參考文獻

大紀元報

工商時報

赴中國遊旅急病　辦健保給付單據需公證

全民健康保險法修正草案總說明

二代健保核心價值和相關理念