「國族優先」或「舉世共享」？對「國族優先論」與「世界主義」論戰之回顧與省思

＂Priority for Nation＂ or ＂Sharing among the Whole World＂? A Reflective Review on the Dispute between the ＂Nation-Priority- Doctrine＂ and ＂Cosmopolitanism＂

林立(Li Lin)

《政治與社會哲學評論》 60期 (2017/03) Pp. 41-103

https://doi.org/10.6523/168451532017030060002

摘要

「國族優先論」與「世界主義」圍繞著「全球分配正義」這一議題，已經進行了四十年左右的爭辯；這一爭辯與「自由主義」和「社群主義」的論戰有類似性。本文試圖鋪陳雙方在攻防的過程中，如何辯證地深化其論述，最後使我們把握到爭執的癥結點。然後吾人可以評估誰對關鍵問題的主張較有說服力。本文認為，「國族優先論者」雖可以利用「舉證責任」的技巧，挫敗「世界主義」全球財富重新分配的主張，但卻仍無法逃避改善現今部分明顯不義的世界經貿規範的責任；再者，欲有效地解決世界貧困的問題，將無法避免要涉及嘗試調整恆久貧窮的國家之文化與政治體制，而這又必然關聯到「干涉內政」的難題。

關鍵字

全球分配正義 ； 國族優先 ； 世界主義 ； 全球基本結構 ； 舉證責任

並列摘要

The adherents of the ＂priority for the nation＂ doctrine and the cosmopolitans have been engaged in a series of disputes concerning the issue of ＂global distributive justice＂ for around four decades. This debate is similar to that between liberalism and communitarianism in political ethics. This paper tries to describe how both fronts - in the process of debate - have deepened their own argumentation so that we finally can grasp the key points of this issue and judge which front can better solve crucial problems. Although the adherents of the ＂priority for the nation＂ doctrine can thwart the claims to global redistribution of wealth held by the cosmopolitans by means of the argumentative skill of the burden of proof, they are still obliged to remove the injustices existing in the current economic order of the world. Furthermore, if we really want to solve the problem of the poverty existing in the world in an effective way, we inevitably must deal with the issue of adjusting the culture, customs and political institutions of the permanently poor countries. But this engagement involves the issue of intervention in internal affairs. This will become a challenge that human beings must strive to overcome.

並列關鍵字

global distributive justice ； priority for nation ； cosmopolitanism ； global basic structure ； burden of proof

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