西塞羅的共和主義式國家理論－「國家－邦國模式」的穩定性

Cicero's Republican Theory of State-The Stability of the Model of Civitas-Res publica

劉岫靈(Hsiu-Ling Liu)

《政治與社會哲學評論》 63期 (2017/12) Pp. 1-64

https://doi.org/10.6523/168451532017120063001

摘要

羅馬如何永恆？對西塞羅而言是一個表現在時間中的問題：一切政治實體都是時空中的特殊存有，其特點是基於時間而來的有限性與不穩定性─受到「命運」的侵擾。然而，一切政治實體可以區分為兩種存在模式─「類國家模式」與「國家—邦國模式」，當政治實體處於「類國家模式」時，它會受到「命運」的侵擾而不穩定。反之，一旦政治實體掌握了「萬民之法」此一普遍規則，它就會進入「國家—邦國模式」而被稱為「國家」／「邦國」，此時政治實體就得以對抗「命運」的侵擾而成就穩定與永恆。因此，羅馬如何永恆的問題，就是羅馬這個特殊存有如何使自身進入並維持在「國家—邦國模式」的問題，而本文將說明西塞羅是如何以一種共和視角完成這個理論工作。

關鍵字

共和主義 ； 國家 ； 邦國 ； 萬民之法 ； 審議性機構 ； 政治行動

並列摘要

How does Rome achieve eternity? For Cicero, this is a problem that is presented in time. All political entities are particular in time and space. They are limited so that there are a beginning and an end. These particular political entities are characterized by instability, and the reason for instability is time. However, Cicero believes that the particular existence can be divided into two models: ＂The model of state-like political entity＂ and ＂The model of civitas-res publica＂. The political entity can only predominate over he law of nations as a universal. It can enter ＂the model of civitas-res publica＂ and is called ＂civitas/res publica＂. The ＂civitas/res publica＂ is miraculously stable, perfect and timeless because of rationality. When the political entity is ＂the model of state-like political entity＂, it is infested by ＂fortune＂ and leads to instability. ＂The model of civitas-res publica＂ is the only weapon against the ＂fortuna＂. Therefore, the problem of how Rome can achieve eternity is the problem of how this particular existence of Rome enters itself into ＂the model of civitas-res publica＂. This paper will explain how Cicero uses the republican perspective to complete this theoretical work.

並列關鍵字

Republicanism ； Civitas ； Res pulica ； jus gentium ； Consilio ； Political Action

參考文獻

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