沉默時代的道德辯護：雅斯培論國家行動的罪與責

Moral Defense in the Era of Silence: Karl Jaspers on Guilt and Responsibility for State Action

石忠山(Chung-Shan Shih)

《政治與社會哲學評論》 66期 (2018/09) Pp. 43-101

https://doi.org/10.6523/SOCIETAS.201809_(66).002

摘要

二戰結束後，人們開始針對納粹罪行展開了激烈的辯論，在這場世紀爭辯中，最引人矚目的，莫過於海德堡哲學家雅斯培（Karl Jaspers）的論述。他在1946年所出版的專著《罪的問題：論德國的政治責任》（Die Schuldfrage: Von der politischen Haftung Deutschlands）中，徹底反省了納粹統治期間國家行動的罪責問題。他提出了四種罪的類型，並且詳細論述了德國人在面對這幾種不同類型的罪的時候所應持有的態度。雅斯培之所以致力這項任務，乃因他相信，惟有深入這個問題，人們才能避免陷入有關德國戰爭罪責的平庸論述。本文因此致力探討，本書的核心關懷究竟是甚麼？前者為何被視為二戰結束後清算納粹罪責最深刻的道德反省？它對我們堅持或棄絕某種價值立場所具備的規範涵蘊究竟何在？

關鍵字

雅斯培 ； 國家行動 ； 納粹 ； 罪 ； 責任

並列摘要

After World War II, people began to introspect on the Nazi crimes. Among the diverse argumentation, the thinking of the Heidelberg philosopher Karl Jaspers attracted the most attention. In his monograph Die Schuldfrage-Von der politischen Haftung Deutschlands published in 1946, he thoroughly recounted the culpability of the state action of the Nazi regime. He proposed four types of guilt and expounded the attitude which Germans should hold when facing these different types of guilt. The reason why Jaspers committed to this task is that he believed that only by doing so can people avoid a mediocre discussion about the war crimes of Nazi Germany. This article therefore focuses on exploring the following questions: What is the core concern of this book? Why is the former regarded as the deepest moral reflection in respect of the question of German guilt after World War II? What is the normative implication of this reflection for our insistence on or rejection of certain value positions?

並列關鍵字

Jaspers ； state action ； Nazi ； guilt ； responsibility

參考文獻

金壽鐵2015 《罪責反省： 克服過去的新生之路》， 查詢日期：2018年8 月3 日。http://www.cssn.cn/sjs/sjs_sjxds/201603/t20160307_2900204.shtml Jin, Shou-Tie 2015 tzuei tze fan shing: ke fu guo chiu de shin sheng jr lu. Available at http://www.cssn.cn/sjs/sjs_sjxds/201603/t20160307_2900204.shtml

Alechnowicz, Iwona 1990/1991 „ Philosophie Grundlagen der Jaspersschen Totalitarismuskritik,“ in Elisabeth Salamun-Hybašek and Kurt Salamun eds., Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Karl-Jaspers-Gesellschaft. (Jahrgang 3/4) Wien: VWGÖ, pp. 93-100

Aron, Raymond 1986 „Karl Jaspers und die Politik,“ in Jeanne Hirsch, Jan Milic Lochman and Reiner Wiehl eds., Karl Jaspers. Philosoph, Artz, politischer Denker. Symposium zum 100. Geburtstag in Basel und Heidelberg. München und Zürich: Piper, pp. 59-76.

Beyme, Klaus von 1996 „Vom philosophischen Außenseiter zum Praeceptor Germaniae,“ in Jürgen C. Heβ, Hartmut Lehman and Volker Sellin eds., Heidelberg 1945. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, pp. 130-148.

Bielefeldt, Heiner 1994 Kampf und Entscheidung. Politischer Existentialismus bei Carl Schmitt, Helmuth Plessner und Karl Jaspers. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann.