儒家觀念在清同治時期的中俄關係與東正教傳教中的運用：一部俄國東正教聖經中譯本的三個序

Confucian Attitudes at the Intersection of Sino-Russian Relations and Orthodox Missionary Activity in the Late Qing: Prefaces to the 1864 Russian Orthodox Translation of the New Testament

貝克定(Timothy Baker)

《慈濟大學人文社會科學學刊》 18期 (2015/06) Pp. 137-170

https://doi.org/10.29650/TCUJHSS.201506_(18).0006

摘要

從十七世紀一直到二十世紀，在中俄外交關係中，東正教神父有著重要的角色。雖然天主教和基督教的傳教士在不同時代被驅離了，俄國的東正教神父則一直住在北京，繼續推動他們結合政治和宗教的活動。十九世紀中期，在他們的外交官的人數變少時，他們的傳教活動變得更多，其中包括本文討論的聖經中譯本的出現。但是，以往學者對他們的政治和傳教的活動多有不同的評論。為了進行比較平衡與深入的了解，本論文參考了十九世紀轉折時期中的聖經譯本。本文首先說明在中國的俄國東正教代表團發展的脈絡，從一個神父的開始，發展到兩個語言學校，並且解釋他們在中國和俄國正式外交關係中所扮演的角色。其次，為了瞭解這本聖經譯本的翻譯過程和目的，我集中討論了它的三個序，作者各為：主導翻譯的俄國神父，它的中國編輯者，以及三個作校對俄國修道士。從這三個角度來看，可以比較清楚的了解在宗教與政治交流的當時，儒家觀念是如何被運用的。

關鍵字

俄國東正教 ； 聖經 ； 翻譯 ； 傳教 ； 儒家

並列摘要

Orthodox priests played a key role in the dynamics of Sino-Russian relations from the Seventeenth Century to the Twentieth, remaining in Beijing continuously through the periods when Catholics and Protestants were expelled from China. Furthermore, during the mid-Nineteenth Century, translation of Christian scripture was an essential activity for some of these Orthodox priests, who had shifted from the role of diplomatic attaches to that of missionaries. There are, however, divergent views on the exact nature of their role and their contributions, both in assisting the Russian government and in religious conversion. This study seeks to present a more balanced and nuanced view through examination of an important translation produced by the Russian mission. To better understand the dynamics behind this translation, I first discuss the evolution of the Russian mission in China. This post grew from a marginal outpost of a few priests, to include schools, and then when a formal diplomatic presence was finally established, began to extend itself in missionary activities. The translation whose prefaces I consider is the 1864 version of the New Testament that was produced by Archimandrite1 Gury Karpov (1814-1882), who was head of the Orthodox mission in Beijing from 1858 to 1864. These three prefaces - which were written by the Russian translator, his Chinese editorial assistant, and the three monks who worked on proofreading the manuscript - illuminate the purpose and process of the translation. More significantly, they also show divergent degrees of Confucian influence. In sum, this paper is not simply a discussion of these Confucian influences on a Christian translation, but more broadly, a consideration of the influence of the political context on the work of translation in the context of Russian Orthodoxy.

並列關鍵字

Russian Orthodoxy ； Bible ； translation ； missionary ； Confucian

參考文獻

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