新加坡社會福利政策：國家統合主義下的國家與社會團體互動分析

The Characteristic of Singapore's Social Welfare Policy: State and Social Groups under State-Corporatism

黃子庭(Tzu-Ting Huang)

《全球政治評論》 20期 (2007/10) Pp. 111-149

https://doi.org/10.29899/JRM.200710.0004

摘要

基於對新加坡社會福利政策的整體及個別因素之分析，本論文提出「國家統合主義」的解釋架構來解釋新加坡社會福利政策：其背景是新加坡自1959年脫離英國獨立以來，由李光耀所率領的人民行動黨政府所實行的「威權主義」(authoritarianism)，有利於推行類似日本的「父權社會福利」(paternal social welfare)。而環繞新加坡社會福利政策的核心思想是「自助」、「社區主義」、「志願主義」的意識型態，其與李光耀個人意識型態及新加坡的儒家思想社會有關，強調責任、團體、秩序、孝道等。在總體層次的國家背景下，可以再區分族群、反對黨、階級、志願性福利組織作為次團體，貫穿了「前統合主義」、「排斥性統合主義」、「包容性統合主義」、「外因性統合主義」四個歷史時期，觀察這些社會團體與國家的互動、協商或議價經過，最後呈現的是新加坡社會福利政策的總體。
本論文對新加坡社會福利政策的主要研究發現為：新加坡的社會福利策略主要是停留在以大量的「志願主義」(voluntarism)去填補國家的撤退。因此在新加坡社會福利的歷史過程中，相較其他的社會團體的始終弱勢，志願性福利組織(VWOs)與政府的統合及VWOs 在社會福利政策上的影響力，不但由弱轉為中，且再由中增為強。

關鍵字

前統合主義 ； 排斥性統合主義 ； 包容性統合主義 ； 外因性統合主義 ； 志願性福利組織

並列摘要

This thesis conludes that the strategy of Singapore's social welfare policy is ”using greater quantity and quality of voluntarianism to fill up the retreat of state”. Therefore in the history of Singapore's social welfare policy, when comparing to the other social groups, the extent of VWOs corporating with the government was much greater than the others and their influential power in social welfare policy during these four periods turned from weak to moderate, and strong eventually.
Based on analyzing the macro and micro factors in Singapore's social welfare policy, this thesis proposes the frame work of ”state corporatism” to explain Singapore's social welfare policy. Since 1959 Singapore be independent from Britain, Lee Kuan Yew had led the PAP government in an authoritarian style and promoted a paternal social welfare. The core ideas of Singapore’s social welfare policy, voluntarism and communitarianism, strongly related to the personal ideology of Lee Kuan Yew and the confucian society in Singapore. In the macro background of nation's level, we can divide the society into the subgroups as ethnic groups, opposition parties, class groups and voluntary welfare organizations (VWOs). These four groups worked through the four phrases in Singapore's social welfare policy: pre-corporatism period, exclusive corporatism period, inclusive corporatism period and extrinsic corporatism period. The whole presentation of Singapore's social welfare policy can be observed from their negotiation, interaction and bargaining with the government.

並列關鍵字

pre-corporatism period ； exclusive corporatism period ； inclusive corporatism period and extrinsic corporatism period ； voluntary welfare organizations VWOs