“兩湖事變”中蔣介石態度之探討(1929)

1929年的兩湖事變是國民革命軍北伐統一全國後，首次地方軍人的異動，對南京中央的統治威信影響至鉅，該如何妥善解決來自地方的挑戰與紛爭，考驗著中央領導人蔣介石的智慧。兩湖事變發生時，蔣氏即強調以政治手段解決，不輕啟戰端。蔣介石除了致力於和平解決的嘗試，同時也進行著備戰的部署，以蔣氏對地方軍人的瞭解，「有備無患」有時反而可以止戰。值得注意的是，蔣氏「和平解決的嘗試」與「孤立桂系的布署」幾乎同時進行，可以視爲蔣氏的「兩手策略」，更可以說是一種「相輔相成」的策略運用，也就是說蔣積極於進行孤立桂系的戰略布署，有助於能夠達成和平解決爭端。「國家統一」，一直是蔣介石的最高目標，因此當和平方式無法解決紛爭時，蔣氏爲求國家統一，會不惜訴諸武力。兩湖事變在和平解決嘗試失敗後，蔣即斷然決定武力討伐；此時「孤立桂系的布署」，又成爲武力討伐得以成功的最佳保證，蔣氏的戰略運用得當，終於獲得討桂戰事的勝利。不過，訴諸武力討伐來達成統一，不僅耗損國力，更常常召致外患入侵，使中國的領土和主權迭遭列強的欺凌與攫奪。因此，歷經1929年一整年內戰的蔣氏，於1930年初也曾一度希望實施聯邦制來解決爭端，應可視爲蔣氏對於武力方式來達成國家統一的自我反省。

關鍵字

兩湖事變；蔣介石；桂系

並列摘要

The Event of Hunan and Hupei in 1929 after the Northern Expedition was a challenge to the central government at Nanking, who had to maintain its authority to counterbalance local military powers. As the incident occurred, Chiang tried to isolate the military powers of Kwangsi by political measures on the one hand, and got prepared to turn to military measures in case of need on the other hand. The two-handed strategy proved to be successful in that one complemented the other in helping Chiang to settle the conflict peacefully. To unify the nation had always been the ultimate goal for Chiang, and his strategy had always been to use peaceful means first and then military powers when necessary. This strategy had worked for Chiang in the Incident of Hunan and Hupei. However, in so doing, the nation was quickly weaken by the internal war and foreign aggression seized the opportunity to engulf the nation. This is perhaps something Chiang regretted in his retrospect.