從客家族群之形塑看清代臺灣史志中之“客”－“客”之書寫與“客家”關係之探究

An Initial Exploration into the Relationship between the Appearance of "ke" in Historical Materials and the Development of the Hakka Tribe

林正慧(Cheng-Hui Lin)

《國史館學術集刊》 10期 (2006/12) Pp. 1-61

https://doi.org/10.7058/BAH.200612.0001

摘要

「客家學」自1930年代羅香林提出其客家界說、客家源流及遷移等見解以來，自此而後的客家研究，多接受其說法，如客家一系形成於趙宋、客家基本分布地域為閩贛粵三地、客家方言傳承中原漢音等等。此後關於客家研究的討論，卻始終難以擺脫族群情結的糾葛。在客方言人群的形塑過程中，客家與中原漢族之關係不斷被強調與重塑。於是，時序愈往後，所謂客家民系的形成時間愈被往前推進，與此同時，許多文獻上「客」之書寫，成為詮釋客家源流的有力證據，造就二者之間眛難明的糾葛關係，但卻也可能因此模糊了歷史原貌。「客」之書寫與客家之關係，不僅表現在對客家溯源方面的討論上，在清代臺灣客家的相關研究中亦復如此。因此，本文關注的是，在客家形塑的過程中，乃至於之後受客家自我意識高漲下所成就的客家研究中，有多少部分是脫離了歷史事實而被建構出來或被誤解的。客家方言人群的形塑有其階段性，可視為中國歷史上移民運動中，不同文化共性人群因互動而區別出來的認同意識。因此，不應逕將史籍中的「客」全用以解釋客家源流或客家之歷史經驗，需回到歷史時空的脈絡下重塑或理解當時的族群關係。而清代臺灣史籍中的「客」除了部分意指相對於「土著」的閩粵移民外，應為「粵」之意，故其「客」之書寫非指方言人群的「客家」。往後對於清代臺灣漢人族群關係的相關研究，若能避免逕以文獻上「客」之書寫等同於客家民系，以及跳脫出「閩即福，粵即客」的迷思，應較能描繪出更貼近事實的歷史實相及族群關係。

關鍵字

客家 ； 客民 ； 客籍 ； 客戶 ； 羅香林

並列摘要

Ever since Lo Hsiang-lin first proposed his views about the definition of Hakka, most Hakka studies have been revolved around the issue of ethic complex. For example, in defining the Hakka dialects, the relations between the Hakka people and the Chinese people in China were repeatedly emphasized and reformed. Thus, later studies often tried to trace further back the origins and the formation of the Hakka people. In such studies, the appearance of the word ”ke,” as found in many books, became the most important evidence, making it more difficult to understand the facts of history. The same problem also appears in the Hakka literature done in the Ching Dynasty.
The formation of the Hakka tribe was a result of a long process of ethnic migration and acculturation. Hence, it will not be justified to regard the appearance of the word ”ke” in historical materials as the only evidence for the emergence and the history of the tribe. For example, in many of the historical materials on the history of Taiwan written in the Ching Dynasty, the word ”ke” refers to ”Yueh (Canton),” not to the people who spoke the Hakka dialect. If we could avoid drawing a direct line between ”Min” and ”Fukien” or that between ”Yueh” and ”ke,” we could more correctly present the real history among different tribes.

並列關鍵字

Hakka ； kemin ； kejik ； kehu ； Lo Hsiang-lin

參考文獻

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