臺灣中學地理教科書的祖國想像(1949-1999)

本文試圖探查中華民國初、高中地理教科書發展之軌跡，始於1949年，止於1999年部編本改爲審定本之時。遷臺後的中華民國政府高舉反攻復國的大纛，不僅否定了中華人民共和國的存在，也否定了該政治實體對內的省區改劃與對外的國界協定，以爲該項更易盡屬非法，極力維護其「固有疆域」。這使得政府遷臺後的中華民國地理教科書，爲人嘲譏是停格於政府遷臺前的「歷史地理」。國家利用教育形塑時間與空間的認同，前者的代表大體上是歷史科，後者的代表大體上是地理科。本文便欲探討兩岸分治的情形下，僅統治臺灣地區的中華民國政府，如何透過地理教科書進行陳述、詮釋動員戡亂體制下的「中華民國地理」。本文發現，遷臺後之中華民國地理教科書將「建設」與「政治」分開處理，逐年納入中國大陸建設之實態，惟屬「政治」範圍的行政區劃、疆域等仍嚴禁更變。1987年解嚴後開放臺灣人民赴大陸探親，越來越多的人暸解大陸的實況，並質疑地理教科書的奇異狀態，教科書內容才有了更多的修正。但地理上的行政區劃依舊依循著1940年代末期的空間想像，限於法規，一直存在著，也一直延續著。

關鍵字

認同；地理教科書；中華民國

並列摘要

This article attempts to discuss the geographic textbooks of Taiwan, including junior and senior high schools, from 1949 to 1999. In 1949 the Kuomintang government was moved to Taiwan. From then on the Republic of China always claims that it represents the legitimate government of China, though it does not extend its jurisdiction over the Chinese mainland. Moreover, it denied recognizing any administrative arrangement by the Communist China. Thus, the introduction of mainland geography posed a serious problem to school education in Taiwan. This article analyzes the geographic textbook of Taiwanese middle school, which was compiled by the Ministry of Education during the second half of the twentieth centuries. The geographic textbooks used in Taiwan were satirized as looking like a ”historical geography” which describes the past geography of China before 1949. The state takes advantage of education to shape the national identification on the dimensions of time and space. The representative of the former is historic textbook, and the latter the geographic textbook. This paper tries to analyze the important issue of how the geographic textbook of Taiwanese middle school to describe, interpret the geography of ROC under the system of Mobilization and Anti-insurgent. It shows that the geographic textbook of Taiwanese middle school treats separately the ”construction” and ”politic” of the Communist China as a different issue. The geographic textbook introduced increasingly and moderately the constructions of the Communist China in Mainland, but ignored any changes of the provincial administrative division and boundary agreements with foreign countries. After 1987, Taiwanese people can visit Mainland China as travelers and find a geographic fact which is different from what the contents of geographical textbooks. Then the contents of geographical textbooks are forced to change, but the administrative division is still remaining the framework of the ROC in the 1940s.