陳師道的詩人意識與「詩窮」表述

陳師道詩文中對自我作為詩人的體認是相當深刻的，從「詩能達人」之論、「詩窮」的審視，到晚年以詩翁自稱，都顯現其獨特的自我認識方式與表現。究其詩人意識，陳師道是將「詩」視為與「功名」對立的人生選擇，由此彰顯詩人的主體性。他以詩為畢身追尋的價值，亦反映出北宋後期士人在詩人觀念上的發展。具體而言，陳師道是在政治的疏遠意識之中正視詩人身份的價值；在杜甫的窮愁命運與形象裡，確立自我作為詩人的選擇。而其「詩窮」表述，一方面透露追蹤杜甫的心理，另一方面，則指向詩人的道德自處，顯現出宋人對心性境界的致力追求，提昇了窮者之詩的內涵。總而言之，陳師道是在道德完善的要求、佛禪的觀照之中將人生的目光轉向內在。其積極承擔詩窮命運、以詩道為人生價值的實現，體現了紹聖之後江西詩人們的出處心態，深具典範性，並提供後學以「詩人」身份來實現個體價值的選擇途徑。而這也是陳師道走向詩人之路的時代意義，標誌出北宋後期士人在心態上轉向內在的一環。

關鍵字

陳師道；詩人；詩窮；江西詩派

並列摘要

The characteristic that Chen Shi-Dao (陳師道) regarded himself as a poet was quiet profound. He proclaimed that poetry can bring people the glory. He contemplated the relationship between the poor and the poetry. In his old age, he even called himself the old poet. All these behavior represented Chen Shi-Dao's particular self-understanding. He believed that poetry has eternal significance. So he seldom regarded the official honor but the poetry. Thus, he manifested the subject of a poet. Creating poetry was his request throughout his life. In his poetry, we can find the changing definition about a poet in the later period of the Northern Song Dynasty. Specifically, Chen Shi-Dao confronted the value of being a poet with isolation and politics, and confirmed himself as a poet through Du Fu's (杜甫) poor destiny and enhanced the self image of a poet. On the one hand, the self-proclaim that one poet was poor because of poetry expressed the consciousness of following Du Fu (杜甫), on the other hand, the emphasis on self-cultivation showed the moral request by the writer of the Song dynasty. In brief, Chen Shi-Dao paid attention to the innermost self by the moral request and Buddhism beliefs. He undertook the poor destiny being a poet positively and pursued the poetry as his life values. Those behavior demonstrated that how Jiangxi poet (江西詩人) made decisions in a time of turmoil. The historical significance of Chen Shi-Dao's choice of becoming a poet lies in its symbolizing the turning inwards of the literati of the late Northern Song Dynasty. His assertion of a poet also provided a way to fulfill the individual value in the artistic world.