各類形式的公民審議論壇蔚為民主實踐的風潮。現實世界的公民審議,是否符合審議民主的規範理想,具有包容與慎思的特性而呈現多元觀點?對於這個問題,程序主義和公民社會觀點提供不同的解答。程序主義觀點,著重於理性言說的溝通形式,試圖透過結構化的程序規則,來創造理想的審議情境。公民社會觀點的審議模式,則容許比較彈性的溝通形式,關注公民社會場域中非結構化的公開討論,如何塑造公共意見。本文試圖結合「程序主義」與「公民社會」的觀點,來分析哪些條件促成和阻礙理想的審議情境。本文以台灣舉辦過的六場公民會議為案例,來說明、分析一般公民參與的審議論壇,如何利用程序規則的操作,試圖在審議過程中呈現多元觀點。本文也借用「組織場域」(organizational field)的概念,從介入特定議題領域的社會團體的動員密度、差異程度和審議傾向等三個面向,來分析公民社會的特質,如何影響公民會議程序原則的運作。本文的分析指出,在特定議題領域中,如果存在著眾多異質的公民團體,能夠接近政府決策和政策資源,且再現各種差異觀點,表示這個議題具有「多重公共領域」,那麼,公民會議的運作,比較可能邀請代表不同立場、專業,又能抱持開放態度進行討論的社會團體人士,參與指導委員會的運作;也會有更多背景不同的公民,因為關注高度動員的議題,而主動報名參加公民會議;各個團體所再現的差異觀點,也成為公民會議所提供的閱讀資料的論述來源;會議所提供的專家的聲音,也比較能夠達到周延與多元的要求。
The normative ideas of deliberative democracy hold that diverse views ought to be included in public discussion. How can the ideal of inclusion be realized in actual practice of public deliberation? The approaches from proceduralism and civil society offer different answers. The procedural views, emphasizing rational form of communication, attempt to create ideal situations of deliberation by establishing structured rules. The civil society perspectives focus on the formation of public opinions through flexible, unstructured forms of communication in multiple layers of civil society. This paper combine two approaches to analyzing the conditions for facilitate and inhibit the inclusion in public deliberation.In this paper I use six concensus conferences held in Taiwan as empirical cases. I analyze what the procedural rules were put into practice to include plural viewpoints in deliberation and how they worked. I also adopt the concept of ”organizational filed” to investigate how the characteristics of civil society, defined by the intensity of mobilization, diversity of positions and power relations to the state, affect the working of the procedural rules of deliberative forum like consensus conferences that attempt to create ideal situations of deliberation. I conclude that in specific issue areas, if there exist a highly mobilized sector of social groups representing plural views and gaining access to decision-making power, the public deliberation would be more inclusive.