盧梭推論戰爭權利的途徑－從共和自由到萬民法

Rousseau's Approach to the Rights of War: From Republican Freedom to the Laws of Nations

陳嘉銘(Chia-Ming Chen)

《臺灣民主季刊》 10卷4期 (2013/12) Pp. 93-136

摘要

過去對盧梭戰爭思想的評論認為，盧梭關於共和國該如何因應戰爭之惡的處方，不是他評估難以實現的聖皮耶的永久和平論，就是他給科西嘉和波蘭的孤離主義建議。他們普遍沒有認真看待盧梭關於戰爭權利的思考。從當代義戰議題引出的困惑出發，並從《愛彌兒》中的萬民法基本原則著手，本文主張盧梭在《戰爭狀態》一文採取了具有一致性的推論戰爭權利的理論設計。基於共和國間免於恣意依賴的共和自由理念，盧梭先提出共和國相關戰爭難以改變的行動理由、原則和模式，然後在這些自然關係基礎上建立戰爭權利。共和國應以這些戰爭權利為基礎，組成邦聯對抗侵略。未來研究值得繼續發展盧梭的共和主義途徑，和當代國際契約論以及義戰議題對話。

關鍵字

盧梭 ； 義戰 ； 萬民法 ； 自由 ； 共和主義

並列摘要

Most commentaries on Rousseau's thoughts on international relations tend to see that his prescriptions regarding war consist in primarily his evaluation of Saint-Pierre's project for perpetual peace, and his harsh, isolationist foreign policies proposed for Corsica and Poland. Little attention has been paid to Rousseau's approach to the rights of war. This essay begins with the difficulty of situating his strange thesis of the rights of war in the contemporary debates of just war. And it demonstrates that Rousseau's approach to the rights of war, or more generally, his approach to the laws of nations, is clearly stated in Emile and carefully executed in The State of War. The foremost principle of the rights of nations is the same as that of social contract, that is, the republican ideal of none arbitrary dependence. To apply such principle to the international relations, Rousseau first analyzes the unavoidable reasons, principles and patterns of behaviors regarding war among the ideal republics. It is these ”natural relations” that constitute the fundamental ground of the rights of war. The rights of war provide the foundation and possibility for small republics to form confederations against unjust aggression. It shall be interesting in the future to explore dialogues between Rousseau's approach and the contemporary global social contract theories, as well as the issues of just war.

並列關鍵字

Rousseau ； Just War ； Laws of Nations ； Freedom ； Republicanism

參考文獻

Reichberg, Gregory M.(ed.),Syse, Henrik(ed.),Begby, Endre(ed.)(2006).The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings.Hoboken, NJ:Wiley-Blackwell.

Beitz, Charles(1979).Political Theory and International Relations.Princeton:Princeton University Press.

Baumgartner, Frederic J.(2011).Declaring War in Early Modern Europe.New York:Palgrave MacMillian.

Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques,Nugent, Thomas(Trans.)(2006).The Principles of Natural and Political Law.Indianapolis:Liberty Fund.

Bynkershoek, Cornelius van (1930). Quaestionum juris publici libri duo. Trans. by Tenney Frank. Oxford: Clarendon Press.