半總統制不同政府類型下的二元行政關係－臺灣與羅馬尼亞的比較研究

Government Type and Dual Executive System under the Semi-Presidentialism: Comparative Study of Taiwan and Romania

沈有忠(Yu-Chung Shen)

《臺灣民主季刊》 11卷3期 (2014/09) Pp. 41-82

摘要

半總統制已經是世界上最多民主國家採用的憲法架構，尤其是新興民主國家。此一憲政類型最大的特徵，就是行政權的二元化設計。在理論上，因為二元行政的架構，搭配立法權的互動，可以型塑出許多不同的比較框架，尤其是依據二元行政的對抗、合作或從屬關係，來界定往總統或是往總理傾斜的可能。這些情況可以簡略稱之為總統化、議會化或是共治。探究二元行政的互動，最大的變數在於總統的憲政角色、總統的黨政權力、以及選舉後的權力消長。如果總統掌握黨政權力，作為實質領導者，則依選舉結果可能出現總統化或共治；如果總統在二元架構中僅扮演儀式性角色，則往議會制傾斜。本文旨在分析半總統制不同類型的政府型態下，總統影響政府決策、內閣會議議題設定、總統法案否決權的使用等的異同。藉由臺灣與羅馬尼亞兩個新興民主的憲政發展情況，進一步討論兩國總統的影響力與角色，並據此分析二元行政的運作方向。

關鍵字

半總統制 ； 內閣會議 ； 否決權 ； 臺灣 ； 羅馬尼亞

並列摘要

Semi-presidential constitution has been adopted by most newly democracies in the past two decades. Compare with the presidential system and the parliamentary system, a dual executive system structured by a president and a prime minister (PM) which is the most important institutional features of the semi-presidentialism. Therefore, a semi-presidentialism might be similar to a presidential system if the president is the real leader of the government and be independency from the parliament (a presidentialized semi-presidentialism). On the country, it might be similar to a parliamentary system if the PM is the real leader of the government and be supported by a parliamentary majority (a parliamentarized semi-presidentialism). Moreover, it might be also conflict between president and PM (cohabitation). These subtypes depend on the role of the president and the result of the election. This paper would like to discuss the relationship between the president and the PM. According to comparing on the institutional design and the policy making by the cabinet meetings, we can clarify the role and the influence of the president.

並列關鍵字

semi-presidentialism ； cabinet meeting ； veto power ； Taiwan ； Romania

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