正義穩定性、道德情感與共同生活－一個平等主義未來生活的想像

Stability of Justice, Moral Sentiments and Common Life: Envisioning an Egalitarian Future Life

陳嘉銘(Chia-ming Chen) ； 葉明叡(Ming-jui Yeh)

《臺灣民主季刊》 17卷2期 (2020/06) Pp. 1-41

摘要

約翰．羅爾斯在《正義論》中提出了一個常被忽略，但是值得深入探究的問題：如何維持正義價值的穩定性？羅爾斯很有說服力地指出，道德情感是維持正義價值穩定性的關鍵力量。可惜羅爾斯主張支持正義穩定性的道德情感只有康德意義的正義感。這樣的正義感不會被任何偶然的社會關係影響。他忽略了其他道德情感也是支持正義穩定性的重要力量，而且這些情感的維繫需要依賴社會關係。我們的論文因此試著回應這個問題：如果我們對平等主義的分配理念有大致的共識，一個平等主義社會可以透過什麼社會關係產生什麼道德情感，維持平等主義理念的穩定性？我們將先說明我們對道德情感的一些基本想法，然後將藉由分析、評論和利用羅爾斯的正義穩定性論述，發展我們稱之為「關係依賴的道德情感論」。接下來，我們將從我們的理論評估兩個社會道德情感論，一是大衛．米勒的民族主義，二是我們提出的共同生活。我們主張平等主義的公共服務構成的共同生活，蘊含了平等主義理念以及豐富的相互依賴關係，提供了成員重要的道德情感去支持平等理念。

關鍵字

羅爾斯 ； 正義感 ； 道德情感 ； 穩定性 ； 社會關係

並列摘要

In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls raises a question which deserves our close attention: How to maintain the stability of the conception of justice in a well-ordered society? He insightfully argues that moral sentiments, instead of self-interest, play a critical role in maintaining that stability. However, the only moral sentiment he endorses is the sense of justice, which is shaped and determined by a rational conception of justice. Its content and forces, once shaped, are beyond the influences of contingencies of social relations. Rawls curiously ignores that other moral sentiments are also significant in maintaining the stability of justice. And he also overlooks that social relations are crucial to reproduce and maintain such moral sentiments. Therefore, this essays purports to answer this question: Suppose we have a consensus on an egalitarian idea of just distribution, what moral sentiments can maintain the stability of such idea in an ideally egalitarian society? We will first clarify our concept of moral sentiments. We then analyze and criticize Rawls's theory of stability of justice. We adapt his theory and develop what we call a theory of relation-dependent moral sentiments. Two discourses will then be evaluated, David Miller's nationalism and our proposal of an egalitarian common life. We argue that an egalitarian common life, brought about by egalitarian public services offered or regulated by the modern state, will provide the proper moral sentiments to support the stability of the egalitarian idea of justice in an egalitarian society.

並列關鍵字

Rawls ； sense of justice ； moral sentiments ； stability ； social relations

參考文獻

Nussbaum, Martha C. (2003). “Rawls and Feminism.” In Samuel Freeman (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Rawls (pp. 488-521). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Piaget, Jean (1965/1932). The Moral Judgment of the Child. Trans. by Marjorie Gabain. New York: Free Press.

Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Rawls, John (1993). Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.

Rawls, John (1999). Collected Papers. Ed. by Samuel Freeman. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.