網路與地方經濟社會因素對選舉的衝擊－以馬來西亞的柔南選區為例（2008－2018）

The Effects of the Internet and Local Socio-economic Issues on Elections: A Case Study of Southern Johor, Malaysia (2008-2018)

莊仁傑(Henry Ren-jie Chong)

《臺灣民主季刊》 17卷3期 (2020/09) Pp. 101-152

摘要

本文以筆者長居新山的觀察、筆者個人在選舉期間的參與和觀察（參與式田野），以及與相關人士的個人口述紀錄作為素材，以馬來西亞柔佛州南部（以下簡稱「柔南」）在2008到2018年之間的第十二到第十四屆國會與州議會選舉為討論個案，指出除了全國性課題，地方的社會與經濟議題－柔南當地的治安等社會問題，以及新加坡對柔南的經濟與社會影響－如何在這三場選舉中逐漸成為焦點；以及網路自二十一世紀初期如何在柔南地區普及化，網路平台逐漸取代傳統媒介成為選舉的重要宣傳平台，進而改變選舉方式。這些地方的社會－經濟因素和網路因素的長期影響，最終如何促成馬來西亞2018年的政黨輪替。最後指出，希盟勝選並非只依賴政黨菁英的合作，地方和網路因素是促成希盟勝選不可或缺的因素。同時提出下層結構的改變（社會、經濟與網路因素）將導致上層（政治）的權力轉移的假說。這假說不但可用於馬來西亞柔南地區，並且可用於其他地方如台灣。

關鍵字

柔南 ； 馬來西亞選舉 ； 網路 ； 地方議題 ； 新加坡

並列摘要

Based on the author's continuous observation, fieldwork, and oral interviews carried out in the Southern part of Johor, Malaysia, the article highlights how local socio-economic issues-including public safety and the impact of Singapore on the economy and society of Southern Johor-have gradually become the main electoral focal points during the 12th, 13th and 14th Malaysian general elections (GE12, GE13, GE14) held from 2008 to 2018. The article also investigates how access to the Internet has become universal in Southern Johor since the beginning of the 21st century. Online platforms gradually replaced traditional media as critical platforms during elections, thereby changing the way campaigns were run. The long-term impacts of these two factors-local issues and the Internet-have ultimately contributed to the first regime change in Malaysian history in 2018. Lastly, the article argues that Pakatan Harapan's (PH) victory did not solely rest on the cooperation of political party elites; the role of local issues and the impact of online platforms were also indispensable. A proposed hypothesis states that these structural changes (local socio-economic issues and the Internet factor) at lower levels have led to power transition at the top level (politics). This hypothesis does not only apply in Southern Johor, Malaysia, but also in other places such as Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

Southern Johor ； Malaysian general election ； internet ； local issue ； Singapore

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