論杜威的和平政治思想－一戰時期為主的探討

On John Dewey's Political Thought of Peace: A Discussion around World War I

韓保中(Bao-chung Han)

《臺灣民主季刊》 19卷4期 (2022/12) Pp. 1-41

摘要

一戰後充滿和平與反戰氣息，開啟許多和平研究，杜威也是代表者，他在美國參戰前主張美國必須備戰，但是美國參戰後，杜威轉向反戰及和平研究。對於主張美國的備戰，是以哲學途徑分析德國唯心哲學，指出德國走向絕對專斷、民族優越與軍國主義，美國必須用武力對抗以遏止侵略。但是杜威經歷美國參戰後政府走向擴權，以及一戰後國際關係的僵固，開啟他的和平研究，從多個面向進行探討。國內層次必須以民主的哲學、教育與政治，來擺脫詭辯思維、威權崇拜與獨裁政治，必須用民主穩固和平。國際層次方面，現代社會邁向多元化發展，必須重視外交的公益性、公開性與專業性等，納入跨國的企業與職業團體合作，用國際合作開拓和平。杜威力主戰爭非法化，各國應放棄用戰爭解決國際紛爭，以法治作為國際道德與倫理判準，將接受判決結果作為榮耀表現，用法治維持和平。

關鍵字

民主政治 ； 國際合作 ； 國際關係倫理學 ； 道德—法治途徑 ； 戰爭非法化

並列摘要

After World War I, the world was prevailed the atmosphere of peace, and started many peace studies, and John Dewey was one representative. Before the war broke out, he advocated that the United States should be prepared for the war. However, he then turned his focus on anti-war and peace studies after the US participation in the war. To advocate the preparation for war was to analyze German idealism with philosophical approach, indicating Germany would build up despotism, ethnocentrism and militarism, Dewey warned the United States must recognize that conflict with Germany was inevitable and that it must use force to prevent war and military invasion. Yet, after witnessing the power expansion of the US government, and the rigidity of international relations, Dewey started his peace study from several dimensions. Dewey advocated democratic philosophy, education and politics to be applied at domestic level to get rid of sophistry, authoritarianism worship and dictatorship, using democracy to keep peace. As for the international level, when moving towards social development based on pluralism and the rise of the people, the diplomacy should emphasize the public interest, openness, and professionalism, as well as working with multinational corporations and professional groups, using international cooperation to open up peace. Dewey supported the movement of the outlawry of war, and states should renounce war as a legitimate means of settling international disputes, making the rule of law the basis for international morality and ethics, and take pride in accepting the judgments of the court, maintaining peace with the rule of law.

並列關鍵字

democratic politics ； international cooperation ； ethics of international relations ； moralistic-legalistic approach ； outlawry of war

參考文獻

Gillespie, Ava I. (2018). “The Path to Peace is Paved with Laws.” Salmon Levinson and Outlawry. Undergraduate Honors Theses, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, USA.

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Hathaway, Oona A. and Scott J. Shapiro (2019). “International Law and Its Transformation through the Outlawry of War.” International Affairs, Vol. 95, No. 1:45-62.

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