香港民主運動的困境－一種「國家性」觀點的解釋

The Predicament of Democratic Movement in Hong Kong: From a "Stateness" Perspective

鄭祖邦(Tsu-bang Cheng)

《臺灣民主季刊》 19卷4期 (2022/12) Pp. 43-82

摘要

在2014年雨傘運動過後，香港進入了一個明顯的民主運動困境。一方面，港人愈大的抗爭就面對愈大的外部統治壓制，為什麼政權毫不考慮對民主運動的鎮壓成本，與反抗者之間毫無妥協？反而在兩者之間形成一個不斷衝突升級的上升螺旋。另一方面，在民主運動陣營內部一直呈現分散化或碎裂化的情形。為何在與外部政權的對抗中，民主運動陣營本身不存在有效的團結，而是相互的指責與矛盾的出現？此外，為何從最初的愛國民主運動最終卻演變成香港獨立意識的出現？筆者嘗試運用「國家性」這個理論概念來解釋香港民主運動為何會面臨上述的內外困境？相較於「混合式政體」這個被廣泛運用的分析取徑，筆者認為「國家性」的概念更能闡釋香港民主運動相關的發展特點及其動態邏輯。藉由Linz和Stepan所提出的「帝國／民主／民族」的三維分析架構，讓我們意識到要將香港的一國兩制置入傳統中華帝國的吸納過程來加以理解。再從具體的經驗觀察中，我們會發現到香港的民主運動幾乎環繞著與國家性相關的爭議（地理邊界／公民身份）而持續開展，並凸顯出民主運動的外部對抗與內部分歧。

關鍵字

國家性 ； 民主困境 ； 民族 ； 帝國 ； 一國兩制

並列摘要

After the Umbrella Movement in 2014, predicaments noticeably appeared in Hong Kong's democratic movement. First, the more contentious fight becomes, the more brutal repressions it receives. Why did the state power completely ignore the high cost of repression and not compromise with protesters? The trend of these conflicts between them was like upward spiral and had constantly escalated. Second, there emerged polarization and fragmentation among pro-democracy camps. Why couldn't these pro-democracy camps effectively stick together? Instead, they blamed each other and existed contradictions as being a confrontation with state power. In addition, why did the patriotic democratic movement finally evolve into Hong Kong's independence? We attempt to explain these democratic predicaments by the theory of "stateness". Compared with the "hybrid regime," a widely used approach, the theory of "stateness" can more elucidate the specificity and dynamic of the democratic movement in Hong Kong. The triangular framework of 'empire / democracy / nation' from Linz and Stepan's works inspires an understanding of "one country, two systems" in the context of traditional Chinese empire. Furthermore, we find that almost all democratic movement disputes over stateness problems, such as geographic boundary and citizenship. Along with the development of the democratic movement, the external confrontation and internal divergence gradually emerged.

並列關鍵字

stateness ； democratic predicaments ； nation ； empire ； one country two systems

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