美國、英國、日本女性軍人在軍中職務發展初探

A Study of Female Soldier Assignment in the U.S., the U.K. and Japan

陳勁甫(Ching-Pu Chen) ； 李宗模(Chung-Mo Lee)

《國防雜誌》 28卷3期 (2013/05) Pp. 89-105

https://doi.org/10.6326/NDJ.2013.28(3).4

摘要

以往女性被認為不適合軍隊，但回顧歷史發現女性對軍隊有其不可忽視的角色。隨著女性角色的認知、人力資源運用與戰爭型態的改變，不同時期中或有不同的考量因素，但大都是朝向去除女性刻板印象與擴大運用的方向演進。本文分別探討美國、英國、日本等國軍隊中女性職務開放的發展。各國開放女性軍中職務的重要推力略有不同，美國主要來自國會壓力，英國則透過國防部定期內部檢討、委外研究和民意調查，而日本主要是由性別平等促進本部檢討推動。目前限制女性軍人職務主要考量有近接戰鬥可能性、戰鬥效能影響、女性（懷孕）保護與隱私權和成本效益等，其中近接戰鬥可能性為共通因素。我國軍體制即將轉型為募兵制，必然需加速女性軍人的整合，以求精實戰力，本文建議職務指派應以戰備與能力為主要考量而非性別，同時要檢討消除女性軍人擔任職務的障礙與配套措施。

關鍵字

女性軍人 ； 女性軍職 ； 職務指派 ； 戰鬥性職務

並列摘要

In the past, people often viewed women as unfitted in the military, but women did play an important role in our history. As the perception of women, defense system, and human resources utilization, and war affairs change, the trend is to remove the female stereotype and enlarge their involvement in the military. This article looks into the development of women assignment in the United State, the United Kingdom, and Japan military. The main drives of their development are different. The U.S. one mainly comes from the Congress's pressure to be reviewed and changed; the U.K. one relies on its Department of Defense's periodic reviews and studies; Japanese one is drived by its Sex Equality Promotion Bureau. The main concerns for restricting women's combat assignment include the possibility of close combat, unit readiness/cohesion, security and privacy, and cost. This article recommends that military assignment should be based on ability and readiness, not by gender. Therefore, the military should try to remove the obstacle of women pursuing qualified assignment, and also to take complementary measures to support their career advancement.

並列關鍵字

Female Soldier ； Women Military Position ； Military Assignment ； Close Combat Assignment