以潮洲會館爲例析論清代的會館與商業活動

清代的商業活動相較於前朝有過之而無不及，商品的種類及流通範圍不斷地擴大，致使許多商品不僅在產地行銷，更發售到全國各地，乃至世界各地。清代商人隨著商品交換的發達，在日益繁榮的市鎭中搬有運無、累積財富與提昇社會地位。長途販運的商旅因應商業活動與異地生活的種種需求，遂集結人力、財力在各經商據點籌組會館以作爲聯繫、交流和互助的所在。潮汕商人因地理環境和歷史發展成爲中國明清時期重要的商幫之一，在區域貿易與對外移民上成績斐然。潮汕人士無論是爲了仕宦或經商而旅行在外時，在面對異鄉的生疏和商場的激烈競爭時，潮商必須集結力量以因應之，而潮州會館正是提供幫助的最佳組織。因此，潮商在各方面支持會館的興建和管理，潮州會館也對旅外潮人，特別是商人的需求和照護格外用心。透過現存於中國各地的潮州會館及其資料，我們可以了解潮汕地區的經濟和發展，也清楚看到潮汕商人的重販運和精明的經商特色，同時觀察到潮州會館在社會救助—養生送死，以及區域間的文化交流上所扮演的重要角色。

關鍵字

清代；潮州會館；潮商潮州商幫；商業活動；社會救助養生送死

並列摘要

This article discusses the interrelationship between the huiguan（會館）and merchants during Ch'ing China. The huiguan, as a social organization, had its own members and functions which aret serving and taking care of the people that came from the native place. We try to analysis the characters and functions of the Chaozhou merchants by the Chaozhou-huiguan. The merchants of Chaozhou traveled many cities and towns for business. They need many helps, for example, to have the news of business, a building to have commercial and social activities with the office and other regional merchants. When the people of Chaozhou had difficulties, the members of Chaozhou-huiguan will supply the medicine, food, the place to bury the dead. So the merchants supplied their money and men to establish and manage the huiguan for their business and life. Therefore, we can study the economic conditions of Chauzhou-Shantou through the activity and organization of Chauzhou-huiguan. Further we can research the power and character of Chauzhou-Shantou's merchants in the internal and international market during Ch'ing China. These informations will help us to know the details and characters of commercial history in Ch'ing China.

並列關鍵字

the Ch'ing Dynasty ； Chaozhou-Huiguan ； Commercial Activity ； Regional Trade ； Social Function ； Social Relief

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以潮洲會館爲例析論清代的會館與商業活動

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