扭轉法國頹勢－路易十八與1818年歐洲駐軍的撤離

Louis XVIII and the withdrawal of the European Troops from France in 1818

江彥賢(Yen-hsien Chiang)

《興大人文學報》 61期 (2018/09) Pp. 79-112

摘要

法國大革命後，各方政治勢力相互競爭，直到1815年波旁王室復辟後才開始第一次反省大革命的好壞。這是因為波旁復辟的第一位君主路易十八並不堅持君主專制。我們可以在路易十八親自撰寫的回憶錄中發現他努力平衡不同的政治意識形態，及盡力維持和平局勢的紀錄。此外，透過路易十八的回憶錄，我們更可以從舊體的觀點檢視法國大革命前後的政治轉變。然而，受到大革命史觀的影響，路易十八的政策及思維皆不為後人所重視。而且現有研究成果主張當時主導法國政局的是外國勢力，這一點以1818年的撤軍研究最為明顯。現有研究主張撤軍是英國威靈頓公爵的決策或是因為歐洲貴族外交傳統的習慣，完全不考慮法國內部的努力，特別是幾乎無視路易十八積極推動撤軍的過程。總此，本文以路易十八為中心來討論撤軍問題，借助「法國國家圖書館」所公開的《路易十八回憶錄》，輔以十九世紀的相關資料，重新整理撤軍問題，以補充現有研究不足之處。

關鍵字

路易十八 ； 1818年撤軍 ； 德卡茲公爵 ； 威靈頓公爵 ； 利希留公爵

並列摘要

After the French Revolution, different political factions competed for power and didn't reflect on the pros and cons of the revolution until the Bourbon Restoration in 1815. This is because Louis XVIII, the first king of the Bourbon Restoration, didn't stick to an absolute monarchy. In Mémoires de Louis XVIII, we can find the effort he made to balance different political ideologies and create conditions that favored lasting peace. Via the Mémoires de Louis XVIII, we can get a closer look at the political changes after the French Revolution from the point of view of the old regime. Significantly, the policies and thinking of Louis XVIII have been neglected as a result of the dominant nartative that supports the French Revolution. Furthermore, it was foreign forces that controlled French politics. We can find the most obvious example from the study of relieving the garrison in 1818. The existing research asserts that the withdrawal of troops is a result of Duke Wellington's decision or the diplomatic practices of European aristocrats. However, little critical attention has been paid to the domestic factors in France, especially when Louis XVIII endeavored to make the European troops gradually withdraw. This essay will focus on the effort of Louis XVIII to withdraw the European troops from France, drawing upon Mémoires de Louis XVIII, along with related documents of the 19th century provided by the National Library of France, to fill the gap in current scholarship.

並列關鍵字

Louis XVIII ； withdraw in 1818 ； Élie Louis Decazes ； Arthur Wellesley ； Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis

參考文獻

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