評析2018年新修正之刑法第一九○條之一－以抽象危險犯與累積犯之辨證為中心

新修正刑法第一九○條之一為抽象危險犯。除了「投棄、放流、排出、放逸有毒物質或有害健康物質」的不法行為之外，儘管不以「致生公共危險」的要素為必要，「污染」的中間結果要素仍屬不可或缺，而且必須依循結果歸責之方法予以評價。唯有透過此種特殊的結果要件，始可呈現出不同污染行為對於不同的環境媒介所製造的侵害危險。又本次修法忽略環境刑法的「行政從屬性」特徵。因為欠缺行政先行的危險評價基礎，使刑法無法發揮應有的規範彈性。最後，刑法第一九○條之一採取混合式的污染模式，沒有分別針對水體、空氣、土壤污染的不法構成要件及刑度為逐一規定。此種立法結構無法表現出不同污染行為具備相異的不法內涵。本文建議刪除刑法第一九○條之一，全盤檢討修正現有的附屬刑法，或是刪除現有的附屬刑法規定，並參考德國立法例在刑法典建構完整的環境刑法篇章。

關鍵字

環境刑法；抽象危險犯；污染；累積犯；行政從屬性

並列摘要

The amendment of Section 190-1 of Criminal Law prosecutes offenders for abstract danger. In addition to the unlawful disposal, abandonment, drainage, and release of poisonous or harmful substance, the intermediate resulting element of pollutants is liable for the criminal offense and needs to be carefully presented and evaluated for the finality of responsible party, notwithstanding the necessary premise of causing public danger. This particular type of offense clearly demonstrates the invasive danger of different pollutions caused by various environmental agents. However, this amendment neglects the feature of the administrative attribution in environmental criminal offense as it lacks the foundation of evaluating danger for administrative priority, and thus produces inflexible Criminal Act. Moreover, Section 190-1 adopts a composite model of pollutions that excludes differentiation of the illegal elements of various types of pollutions. This type of legal structure may not provide the connotation of different illegal pollution acts. This study suggests deleting Section 190-1 and reviews all current supplementary criminal laws, and makes reference to the legislating of environmental criminal law in Germany.