清真產品規範與WTO技術性貿易障礙協定之合致性－以印尼清真產品保證法為例－

The WTO/TBT Consistency of the Halal Product Regulation: Taking the Indonesia Halal Product Assurance Law as an Example

張南薰(Chang, Nan Hsun)

《輔仁法學》 57期 (2019/06) Pp. 101-161

摘要

隨著伊斯蘭消費者意識之抬頭，清真認證及標示制度儼然已成為市場上的新寵。然而，各國對於清真產品之規範及制度不一，不但增加了清真產品之成本，亦有可能對清真產品之市場進入造成妨礙，在國際貿易法領域中，即產生了如何在保障宗教自由、保護消費者知的權利及消除貿易障礙二者間取得平衡之問題。雖然Codex已就包裝產品如何使用「清真（halal）」一詞制定了指導原則，但是由於清真標準，係從宗教儀式及教規衍生而來，並非依據科學證據所建立之標準，執行上存有較大的解釋空間，在同時欠缺透明性的情況下，極易造成法規之不確定性。由於印尼於2014年甫通過了清真產品保證法，此一法規即將於2019年底生效，不但適用範圍廣泛，包括了食品、藥品、化粧品、生物製品及基因轉殖產品等，亦包含了相關服務。其所新增之清真認證及標示義務，甚至包括非清真資訊之提供等更是其他國家所未見之高強度規範，受影響之產業及產品眾多。本文認為，從此一法規做為出發點，得以更具體地瞭解清真認證制度對國際貿易之影響及可能產生之爭議，因此本文分別就印尼清真產品保證法之重要規定、國際標準之相關原則等先予敘明，再依據WTO之相關個案對TBT協定條文之適用及解釋，討論系爭法規所可能產生之爭議。

關鍵字

清真產品 ； 清真認證 ； 清真標示 ； 技術性貿易障礙 ； 印尼清真產品保證法

並列摘要

With the rise of Islamic consumer's awareness, the halal certification and labeling system has become a new concerned issue in the Islamic market. However, the different standards and systems for halal products not only increase the cost of halal products, but also hinder the market access of halal products. In the field of international trade law, there is always a controversial issue of how to strike the balance between guaranteeing religious freedom, protecting consumers' rights and eliminating trade barriers. Although Codex has established a criterion for the usage of the term ＂halal＂ in packaged products, most of the domestic rules and practices of halal products derived from religious ceremonies and canons makes the implementation of the rules still be interpreted depending on the sects heavily. In the absence of transparency at the same time, it is easy to cause regulatory uncertainty. Amid the Islamic-dominant countries, Indonesia is the first country that passed the mandatory halal product law, which covers the compulsory obligations of halal labeling and certification, and even includes the ＂non-halal＂ labeling. It is now possible to understand more specifically the impact of the halal certification system on international trade and the possible disputes from this regulation. Striking the balance between the WTO member's right to regulate with the purpose of protecting consumers' right of information derivatizing from the religious belief and the possibility to contravene its international trade obligation in the context of WTO Law, especially in the TBT Agreement, is an extremely imperative and harsh work. This paper seeks to examine the WTO consistency of the new Indonesian Halal Act, and to find out whether the public moral or consumer protection objectives underlying the mandatory halal certification and labelling can be justified in the context of the TBT Agreement.

並列關鍵字

Halal Product ； Halal Certification ； Halal Labeling ； TBT Agreement ； Halal Product Assurance Law

參考文獻

林彩瑜，《WTO制度與實務》,台北:元照,2013年8月2版

張南薰，〈食品標示與WTO/TBT協定合致性之研析〉，《交大法學評論》,14卷1期,新竹:交通大學科技法律學院，2017年6月。

台灣清真產業品質保證推廣協會,載於:https://www.thida.org/index.php/aboutthida （最後瀏覽日 2018.06.12 ）

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新南向政策專網，有關印尼、泰國、馬來西亞、菲律賓、緬甸、柬埔寨、新加坡及越南之清真認證相關資訊彙整表，載於:https://www.newsouthboundpolicy.tw/Content/upload/editor/otherfiles/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%89%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A1070116(1).pdf （最後瀏覽日 2018.07.16）