季羨林〈佛教與儒家和道教的關係〉析論

儒、釋、道之間的關係一直是宗教界或研究者所關注的議題，季羨林（1911-2009）身為中國大陸極負盛名的學者，其學術研究領域有廣博的傾向，特別在梵文及佛教、中印文化交流方面頗多建樹。其〈佛教與儒家和道教的關係〉一文，乃針對「自從佛教傳入中國以後一直到唐代玄奘時期三家的相互關係」，對儒、釋、道三家之間的滲融或鬥爭表明個人意見；其內文強調因時代及倡導者的不同乃互有融合、又互為矛盾，佛、道的競爭與互斥，比重又高於儒、佛，儒、道。雖然季氏已舉出許多史證，以為其所見皆為歷史發展必然造成的結果，不過，筆者發現，季氏對佛教或佛學有特別青睞的傾向，並且在三家的交互關係中，季氏之論仍不免有立場不夠明確之處，甚或有略嫌偏頗、過度，而尚待商榷、補充者，透過本文的觀察，我們可以對季羨林的佛學觀有更進一步的認識。

關鍵字

季羨林；佛學；佛教；儒家；道教

並列摘要

The relationship between Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism has always been an important topic that catches the eyes of the religious community and the researcher. Ji Xianlin (1911-2009), as a very famous scholar in mainland China, had great achievements in the comunication between Sanskrit, Buddhism and Sino-Indian culture. Ji Xianlin's reseach ＂The relationship between Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism＂ focused on the period since Buddhism was introduced into China until Xuanzang period (Tang Dynasty), discuss the competition, integration and infiltration between Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. The article stressed that due to the different times and advocates, the three parties sometimes converge and sometimes contradictory. Among them, the competition between Buddhism and Taoism has been the most serious one. Although Ji had given a lot of evidences that these were inevitable result from historical development, but I found Ji having particular favor to Buddhism, and Ji's statements were not clear enough to discuss the relationship between Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism, so it must be supplemented. Through this observation, we can have a further understanding of Ji Xianlin's view of Buddhism.