語言重建與“類型現實主義”－以上古漢語喉音問題為例

Language Reconstruction and ＂Typological realism＂ An Overview of reconstructed uvular consonants in Old Chinese

羅巍(ORLANDI Giorgio(Georg)

《語文與國際研究》 21期 (2019/06) Pp. 1-16

https://doi.org/10.3966/181147172019060021001

摘要

在Luschützky（1991，1997）的基礎上，本文主要關注語言重建與“類型現實主義”的關係，旨在說明後者應作為驗證重建語言模型的基本先決條件。更具體地說，本文從語言類型學的角度對古漢語中小舌輔音的重建進行了分析和評估。小舌輔音由潘悟雲教授（1997）首先構擬得出，然後由白一平和沙加爾（2014）進一步調整和擴展。但從語言類型學的角度來看，這套小舌輔音的構擬更像人為創造的系統，不符合類型學規律。而事實上，這一套小舌輔音的構擬也是不必要的，因為學界已經對小舌輔音所要解決的問題得出了一個更為符合類型學規律的方案，即白一平（1992）和許思萊（2009）。作者認為，遵循類型學研究的成果，應當作為比較及內部重構工作的前提。

關鍵字

語言重構 ； 小舌輔音 ； 類型現實主義 ； 類型合理性 ； 上古音構擬

並列摘要

On the basis of Luschützky (1991, 1997), this paper analyses the relationship between language reconstruction and ＂typological realism,＂ intended as a basic prerequisite for validating reconstructed linguistic models. More specifically, this paper analyses and evaluates the reconstruction of a set of uvular consonants in Old Chinese, firstly proposed by Pân Wùyún (1997) and then further adjusted and expanded by Baxter & Sagart (2014). It is concluded that in the process of both comparative and internal reconstructions, the involvement of typological considerations should be more firmly integrated into the reconstructions of Old Chinese and the evaluation of those reconstructions. Since the reconstruction set of uvular consonants in Old Chinese is still problematic, other more typologically plausible solutions (e.g., Baxter 1992, Schuessler 2009) must be preferred to typologically unnatural ones.

並列關鍵字

language reconstruction ； uvular consonants ； typological realism ； typological plausibility ； old Chinese reconstruction

參考文獻

Baxter, William H. A handbook of Old Chinese phonology. Vol. 64. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1992.

Baxter, William H. "Reply to Pulleyblank." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 22, no. 1 (1994): 139-160.

Baxter, William H., and Laurent Sagart. Old Chinese: a new reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Edkins, Joseph. Evolution of the Chinese language, as examplifying the origin and growth of human speech. London: Trübner & Co., 1888.

Fortson, Benjamin W. Indo-European language and culture: An introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.