西漢的儒法治道－兼論《荀子》與《鹽鐵論》、《漢書．刑法志》的傳承

The Statecraft of Confucianism and Legalism in West-Han-Transmission through "Xun Zi", "Yen Tie Lun", and "Han Shu Xing Fa Zhi"

邵台新(Tai-Hsin Shao)

《先秦兩漢學術》 1期 (2004/03) Pp. 123-153

https://doi.org/10.29443/TLXQHD.200403.0005

摘要

荀子為戰國後期的趙國人，曾經居住於蘭陵，著書數萬言。荀子為儒者，也以維護儒家為職志，他提倡性惡，兼法後王，將儒家的「禮」由封建社會的儀式轉化為治國環節的一種制約，並且不排斥刑罰，認為適中即可。荀子的弟子有李斯、韓非、浮丘伯，而浮丘伯又傳漢朝的楚元王、申公、白公等人，可見荀子的學術一脈傳至漢代，並且對法家有重大的影響。西漢文景之時，揭示黃老之治，卻暗好刑名；漢武帝標榜儒家為治國準則，卻是「陽儒陰法」；宣帝治國以王霸之道相雜；這些都是以儒法相雜為主的治國策略。荀子的思想適合西漢的政治情況，可以說是影響西漢最深的儒者。西漢前期的賈誼、董仲舒等有影響力的大臣，或多或少皆受荀子影響；中期的《鹽鐵論》之中，也可見到荀子思想端倪；班固記載與評論西漢之事的《漢書》在〈刑法志〉之中，多處引用荀子之言，並且贊同儒法相合的思想。本文以《鹽鐵論》與《漢書．刑法志》之中所呈現的理念，尋找與《荀子》治國觀念的關連，並且解釋西漢儒法治道的緣由。

關鍵字

西漢 ； 儒法治道 ； 《荀子》 ； 《鹽鐵論》 ； 《漢書．刑法志》 ； 德治 ； 刑罰 ； 禮

並列摘要

Xun Zi was a native of Chao in late Warring Period. He lived in Lan Ling and wrote many books. Xun Zi was a Confucian and he took Confucianism as his career business. He advocated to born-evil thought and converted ”rituals” in Confucianism from social ceremony to confinement in statecraft following the deeds of later rulers. He did not repel punishment as long as it was appropriate. Li-su, Han-fei, and Fu-chiu-bo were his disciples and Fu-chiu-bo passed on his ideas to Chu-yun-wan, Shun-kung, Bai-kung, etc.in Han Dynasty. It was obvious Zun Zi's school of thought was carried on to Han and impacted Legalism significantly. Huang-Lao-statecraft was publicized in Wen-Di and Ching-Di in West-Han disguising administration preference for punishment. Han-Wu-Di claimed Confucianism as ruling principles but he was acting Confucianism in public with legalism in private. Shun-Di governed the country incorporating mercy and law. The above reflected state policies coming from the combination of Confucianism and Legalism. The thoughts of Xun Zi matched well with the political condition in West-Han and he was regarded the most influential Confucian at that time. At the early stage of Han, those powerful statesmen like Chia-I, Tung-chung-shu, etc. were more or less influenced by Xun Zi. His ideas were also traced in ”Yen-tie-lun” at the middle stage. Ban-ku cited the sayings of Xun Zi in ”Han-Shu-Xing-Fa-Zhi” which is a book on West-Han events. He also agreed with the concept of consolidating Confucianism with Legalism. This essay intends to determine the linkage of main thinking in ”Yen-Tie-Lun”, and ”Han-Shu-Xing-Fa-Zhi” with the statecraft thoughts in ”Xun-Zi” so as to elaborate the cause of ruling with Confucianism and Legalism in West-Han.

並列關鍵字

West-Han ； The Statecraft of Confucianism and Legalism ； Xun Zi ； Yen Tie Lun ； Han Shu Xing Fa Zhi ； Rule by Virtue ； Penalty ； Li