上古章、見交替反映的齊魯、楚、吳越、中原方言歷史層次淺論

Historical Strata in Qilu, Chu and Wuyue Dialects of Old Chinese Reflected by the Alternation of Palatals and Velars

黃易青(Yi-Qing Huang)

《先秦兩漢學術》 12期 (2009/09) Pp. 19-36

https://doi.org/10.29443/TLXQHD.200909.0002

摘要

上古聲母章組與見組往往交替，反映的語音事實為，上古後期齊魯、楚、吳越方言沒有舌面前面音，章組字在這些方言以及中原方言中一部分讀為舌根音。通語則發生舌根音讀為舌面音的趨勢。本文主張，同一個聲類，在不同方言中，並不一定讀相同的音值；同一個地區的同一個音類，在上古的不同時期讀音也可能發生變化。齊魯、楚、吳越、中原等方言的形成時代，至晚在春秋後期之前。在此後至漢初，齊魯、楚、吳越方言一直保持著沒有舌面前音的狀況，與中原方言對立，中原方言則至晚從春秋後期開始，到反切時代一直存在舌根音演變為舌面前音的情況。本文並且探討解釋這些聲類交替材料反映的音讀關係的一些方法，主要是諧聲反切關係推定法，即根據交替雙方的諧聲與反切諸項排列組合的格式，推定音變本體，或音變時間，或音變方向。

關鍵字

古聲母 ； 歷史音變 ； 通語 ； 方言 ； 章組

並列摘要

The frequent alternation of palatals like [ʨ-] (章) and velars like [k-] (見) reflects the facts that there were no palatals in Qilu, Chu and Wuyue dialects in the late ancient times and certain palatals were pronounced as velars in the above mentioned and Central Plains dialects. At the same time, there existed a trend that velars evolved into palatals in Common Speech. This paper advocates that initials did not necessarily have the same phonetic values in various dialects and even in the same dialect the pronunciation of initials varied from time to time. The formation age of Qilu, Chu, Wuyue and Central Plains dialects was no late than the late Chunqiu period. From then onto early Han, in the dialects of Qilu, Chu and Wuyue the lack of palatals was maintained. Meanwhile, in the dialects of Central Plains the evolvement of velars to palatals continued to exist up to the time when Fanqie appeared. The methods to analyze the phonetic relations reflected by the alternation are discussed in this paper, particularly the one of inferring from the relation between Xiesheng (諧聲) and Fanqie (反切), by which the subject, time or direction of phonetic change can be inferred according to the permutation patterns of Xiesheng and Fanqie.

並列關鍵字

initial consonants of Old Chinese ； historical sound change ； common speech ； dialect ； palatals