Mitigating Cold Damage in Horticultural Crops

園藝作物之冷害防護技術

C. Terry Morrow ； J. David Martsolf

《作物、環境與生物資訊》 1卷4期 (2004/12) Pp. 272-296

https://doi.org/10.30061/CEB.200412.0005

摘要

本文綜合論述使用於美國園藝作物之冷害(cold damage)防護技術，其中適栽地區的選擇是降低風險最常被使用的方法之一。調節栽植地區的微氣象是另一類常用做法，方法甚多，諸如有煙囪的加熱器、風扇、螺旋槳、微霧產生器、覆蓋及各種型式的灌溉，而成功案例亦不少。結合多種做法強化對冷害的防護也相當普遍，例如風扇與加熱器合併使用即是，許多情況顯示組合數種方法一起使用的效果大於各種方法的加總。除了物理性系統之外，藉由遺傳方法導入抗冷耐寒基因是另一種生物性的選擇，亦能夠結合物理性與生理性(如開花延期)方法加強對農作物的低溫保護。農業氣象科學近年來已有快速而嶄新的發展，早期注重小型農戶，在推廣單位的協助和農民積極參與下成效卓著。目前大型農場亦廣泛應用農業氣象科技，在顧問公司的輔助下利用綜合技術改進防護措施，已有許多農場獲得相當程度的改善。然而基於商業利益，這些成功有效的做法卻未必能夠無償分享他人。大型農場或農業生產公司多採用栽培多樣作物、保險、期貨買賣(如買賣遠期期貨)等方式避險，保險公司為爭取客戶並提供多元產品，則大力支持颶風及其他天氣事件等的研究。未來在冷害防護方面，將漸趨向綜合相關知識與技術的應用，並重視模式的建立與測試，將各有關因子納入分析以益於決策的訂定。

關鍵字

農業氣象學 ； 冷害 ； 霜 ； 冰凍 ； 防護 ； 微氣候 ； 園藝

並列摘要

Techniques for mitigation of cold damage to horticultural crops in the United States are presented. Site Selection continues to be one of the most popular methods of reducing risk. There are numerous methods of microclimate modification that have been tried and reported as successful. These include stack heaters, wind machines, helicopters, fog generators, covers, and various irrigation methods, including flooding. Combinations of methods such as wind machines and heaters have been popular. It is frequently reported that the effect of a combination is greater than the simple sum of the methods used separately. Physical systems are contrasted to the potential of genetically modifying resistance to cold damage. Combinations of diverse fields, including the physical and the physiological in such methods as bloom delay, promise additional change in the art of cold protection. Agricultural Meteorology has changed radically and rapidly: the target used to be the small farmer, with Extension Services contributing to the documentation trials and grower intervention. Consolidation has replaced most of the small farms with large firms, highly integrated and prone to study changes in their practices through the use of consulting firms, a few of which apparently cover most of the needs. Now experiences are less likely to be shared. Large firms handle risk with diversification, insuranceand hedging practices, e.g. futures trading. Insurance companies have supported hurricane research and are likely to become more interested in other weather events that may impact their clients. The future seems to favor the integration of knowledge and skills from numerous fields. Further development and testing of models seems likely to bring the various details together to aid in decision making.

並列關鍵字

Agricultural Meteorology ； Cold Damage ； Frost ； Freeze ； Mitigation ； Microclimate ； Horticulture