現代漢語「有」字比較句的句法、語義特徵考察

本文通過大型語料庫中的真實用例來考察並闡釋現代漢語中「有」字比較句的句法和語義特徵。「有」字比較結構在句法上主要用作陳述句或疑問句的謂語。在語義上，「有」字比較句可以表達程度「相當」或「不及」。其中肯定式的「有」字比較句是有標記結構，在語義上表達的是度量比較，此時表比較方面的詞語一般只能是度重形容詞；而否定式的「有」字比較句（「沒有」句）是無標記結構，語義上可以表達各種屬性程度的比較，此時表比較方面的形容詞沒有語義上的限制，但以積極義的形容詞爲主。「有」字比較句的參照項具有有界性和典型性的特徵。該結構中的「這麼／那麼」有時候可以省略，但在肯定句中省略受到更多的限制。此外，「有」字比較句與其他比較結構相比具有一些獨特的特徵。這些發現對於「有」字比較句的教學和學習會有幫助。

關鍵字

有字比較句；真實語料；句法特徵；語義特徵；參照項；標記

並列摘要

Based on authentic data retrieved from a large-scale corpus, this paper seeks to investigate and explain the syntactic and semantic features of the comparative ”you (have)” construction in Mandarin Chinese. Syntactically, the comparative ”you” construction functions predominantly as predicates in declarative or interrogative sentences. Semantically, the construction expresses two meanings: equivalent to or less than the referential item in terms of degree. The construction in its affirmative form is a marked construction, signifying a comparison of measure. Hence the adjectives representing the comparative aspect are normally measure adjectives. By contrast, the construction in its negative form is a semantically unmarked construction, which applies to a variety of attribute comparison Thus there is no semantic restriction on the adjectives in the construction except for its preference for positive adjectives. The referential item in the construction is characterized by boundedness and typicalness. The anaphoric element ”zheme (this)” or ”name (that)” in the construction may be absent. Its omission in affirmative sentences is more constrained than the omission in non-affirmative sentences. In addition, the comparative ”you” construction is distinct from other comparative constructions in several aspects. These findings shall be conducive to the teaching and learning of the comparative ”you” construction.