越南平聲變體與越南學生華語聲調偏誤之相關性

Correlation Between Variations of Vietnamese Tone Ngang and Mandarin Tone Errors by Vietnamese Learners

黃雅菁(Ya-Ching HUANG) ； 劉德馨(Te-hsin LIU)

《華語文教學研究》 20卷1期 (2023/03) Pp. 69-101

摘要

本研究針對越南學生華語一聲（陰平）和四聲（去聲）的混淆成因進行探討。先前研究對於越南學生一聲和四聲兩者之相混淆，大多以「對比分析」的觀點解釋其成因，認為越南語的平聲可大致對應華語高平調一聲，但越南語沒有與華語高降調四聲相近可對應之聲調，是以造成越南學生一聲與四聲之相混。本研究提出另一種混淆成因之可能：假設越南語平聲存在變體，可同時對應華語一聲和四聲，因而形成一聲和四聲區分之困難。本研究以聲調實驗來檢驗此假設，分別對越南學生施以越南語「雙音節詞發音」調查、越南語「句子聽辨」調查以及越南語「雙音節詞聽辨」調查，來考察越南語平聲之調性。實驗結果得知，受測者在越南語發音和聽辨上都接受平聲降讀的語音變體。越南語平聲一般讀為平調，但在發音上存在著降調的自由變體，而在聽辨上，此變體為聽者所接受且在語意上能完全被理解。越南學生一聲和四聲之混淆成因，可由「語音感知同化模型」（Perceptual Assimilation Model; Best 1995）以及「語音學習模型」（Speech Learning Model; Flege 1995）來理解。

關鍵字

一聲（陰平） ； 四聲（去聲） ； 平聲自由變體 ； 華語聲調 ； 越南聲調

並列摘要

This study aims to explore the cause of errors of Mandarin Tone 1 (Yin Ping) and Tone 4 (Qu Sheng) among Vietnamese learners. The frequent errors and confusion between Tone 1 and Tone 4 by Vietnamese learners have been commonly observed by previous studies through contrastive analysis, in which scholars have found that Vietnamese Tone ngang roughly corresponds to the high-level Mandarin Tone 1 while no Vietnamese tones correspond to the high-falling Tone 4, thus causing errors and confusion. This study proposes another explanation for the errors, hypothesizing that Tone ngang, with its variations, corresponds both to Tone 1 and Tone 4 and thus induces the difficulty in distinguishing. To test the hypothesis, experiments on tone pronunciation and perception were conducted to observe the characteristics of Tone ngang, testing Vietnamese students on pronunciation of Vietnamese disyllabic words, perception of Vietnamese sentences, and perception of Vietnamese disyllabic words. The results indicate the Vietnamese Tone ngang, usually pronounced as a high-level tone, has a free variant form as a high-falling tone, which is acceptable to the subjects both in pronunciation and perception. The difficulties that Vietnamese learners have with Mandarin Tone 1 and Tone 4 can be considered from the perspectives of the Perceptual Assimilation Model (Best 1995) and the Speech Learning Model (Flege 1995).

並列關鍵字

free variations of Tone ngang ； Mandarin tones ； Tone 1 (Yin Ping) ； Tone 4 (Qu Sheng) ； Vietnamese tones

參考文獻

Sapir, Edward. 1921. Language: An introduction to the study of speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company.

So, Connie K. 2005. The influence of L1 prosodic background on the learning of Mandarin tones: Patterns of tonal confusion by Cantonese and Japanese naïve listeners. Proceedings of the 2005 annual conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association, ed. by Claire Gurski, 1-12. London: The University of Western Ontario.

So, Connie K., and Catherine T. Best. 2010. Cross-language perception of non-native tonal contrasts: Effects of native phonological and phonetic influences. Language and Speech 53.2: 273-293.

Thompson, Laurence C. 1987. A Vietnamese reference grammar. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Yip, Moira. 2002. Tone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.