淺析Caspar David Friedrich風景畫中的死亡圖像－以《獨立戰爭的陣亡者之墓》(Gräber gefallener Freiheitskrieger)為例

18世紀末歐洲由於拿破崙的征戰與啟蒙理性的高度傳播，對德國內部產生了莫大的影響，其由「狂飆運動」而來的浪漫主義從舊有歷史中追溯民族的脈絡並再次發現自然之本質，作為神之代言人的自然具有令人愉悅與險惡之特質。此時期風行的風景畫以弗里德里希為代表，生性抑鬱的畫家喜思考人生死的議題，故常在風景畫當中添加死亡圖像以作為個人意念與期許，此幅《獨立戰爭的陣亡者之墓》是風景與古代英雄遺跡的結合，以紀念人民起義的犧牲者。而這樣反法思想的作品以洞窟和墳墓等死亡元素來傳達，從中卻可引導出畫家繪製此畫的真正意圖，即對於崇高的英雄之歌誦。文中將從浪漫主義、畫家創作動機和山洞作為雙重場域之淵源來探析圖像的內在意涵。整幅畫雖陰森詭異，卻仍有生命跡象，似乎訴說即使人已消亡，精神會永遠存在，同時也驗證了浪漫主義下的死亡觀與宗教永恆。此場景之神祕迷人的空間也是畫家之所以應用於做為表現主題的原因。

關鍵字

拿破崙；狂飆運動；浪漫主義；弗里德里希；獨立戰爭的陣亡者之墓；山洞

並列摘要

Around the end of the eighteenth century, the conquest of Napoleon and the prevalence of Enlightenment both have great impact on the immanence of Germany. Romanticism derived from ”Sturm und Drang” can be traced back to nationality from ancient history, thereby recovering the essence of nature, and both the pleasure and malice revealed in nature when embodied as God's spokesperson. Caspar David Friedrich's landscape paintings prevailing at the period always intentionally add icons of death in as a manifestation of personal concerns and yearning. To commemorate victims who die in battle of the Wars of Liberation, Friedrich paints ”Gräber gefallener Freiheitskrieger” with a combination of landscape and ancient hero's tomb. Friedrich uses the background of cave of Tombs of the Fallen in the Fight for Independence to convey his anti-France intention. From it, the main intention embedded in the picture can be extracted, which is the noble praise to heros. Additionally, the significance of the icons are equally analyzed here from the notions in Romanticism, painter's motives in creation and the duality underlying in the image of cave. Although the atmosphere of the painting is gloomy and grotesque, there are still signs of life which illustrates that the spirit will last forever while the person has passed away, furthermore, he put to the proof of Romanticisms notion of death and religions eternity. A cave as a mystical room is the reason why Friedrich apply it to represent this specific theme here.