從物理學到形上學：導引術與莊子思想

From Physics to Metaphysics: Taoist Breathing Exercises and Chuang-tzu's Philosophy

王志楣(Chih-Mei Wang)

《人文集刊》 5期 (2007/07) Pp. 21-42

https://doi.org/10.29470/JH.200707.0002

摘要

一九七三年長沙馬王堆三號漢墓出土文物中，發現有用紅、藍、棕、黑等顏色描繪了四十四種不同姿態的導引人形，這是我國現存最早的導引運動圖譜。導引養生法「導氣令和、引體令柔」能益人年壽、祛除百病，然此導引術發展起源，可推至先秦時期，《莊子‧刻意》即是最早記載導引名稱與操練方法的文獻：「吹呴呼吸，吐故納新，熊經鳥申，為壽而已矣，此導引之士，養形之人，彭祖壽考者之所好也。」雖然沒有更多的直接描述，但可理解導引在當時主要是一種以肢體與呼吸相結合的養生運動，同時灌注了道家的身心思維。從莊子書中多處可以得知，莊子在長期對練體練氣的體驗中，亦總結出卓越的養生理論，本文即從有形之導引術內容，進而聯繫起莊子所構建之道家自然形上思想體系，由此可以看出源自道家的導引術特色，它不似西方體育的狹隘性，實包含了肢體與道德的修養層面，能理解莊子的哲學，才能使導引運動獲致養生整體效果與價值。本文先從歷史淵源探索導引與醫家道家關係，再論導引中許多模仿動物之動作與莊子的自然思想，繼之從導引運動的內容：動作、呼吸、意念與莊書中的形、氣、神哲學作一對應論述。

關鍵字

道家 ； 導引 ； 莊子 ； 養生 ； 運動

並列摘要

In the excavations of Changsha Ma-Wang-Due's No.3 Han Dynasty tomb of 1973 people found a collection of illustrative plate that utilized various color of red, blue, brown and black to depict 44 different gestures of Taoist breathing exercises. This is the earliest collection of illustrative plate of breathing exercises found in China.Breathing exercise's ”making breathing harmonious and body ductile” can prolong people s live and prevent them from diseases. However, the origin of breathing exercise can be traced back to the era before Shih Huang Ti of The Chin Dynasty. Chuang-tzu's Ker Hi is the earliest written collection that recorded the names of breathing exercises and its methods. In that collection, there were written words of ”Making breathing harmonious exhaling the old and inhaling the new, and imitating bear and bird's gestures are good for prolonging one's live. This is the followers of long-lived Pon-Zhu who long for preserving health and staying in good shape to pursue for.” Even though there was no further direct description, breathing exercises were mainly health preserving exercise in which combined the movements of limbs and trunk with Taoist's thoughts of body and mind.From many part in Chuang-tzu's book, we know that he had concluded some excellent theories from his Jong time practicsing breathing and body exercises. This paper is, by using the tangible contents of breathing exercise, to connect Taoist metaphysical thoughts established by Chuang-tzu. From this paper, one might find that breathing exercises originating from Taoism are totally different from the constricted Western physical exercises As a matter of fact, Taoist's breathing exercises include the movements of people's limbs and trunk and the cultivation of people's moral as well. If one understands Chuang-tzu's philosophy, then the effects and values can be rightly pursued.This paper begins with the historical origins of the connections between breathing exercises and the medical Taoists, and the Chuang-tzu's nature thoughts of imitating animals will be discussed later. And then, the contents of breathing exercises such as movements, breathing, conceptions and Chuang-tzu's philosophy of form, chi, and spirit will be discussed too.

並列關鍵字

Taoism ； Taoist breathing exercises ； Chuang-tzu ； preserve one's health ； exercise