敘事學的一個概念：聚焦

Focalization: A Conception in Narratology

周麗卿(Li-Ching Chou)

《人文集刊》 9期 (2010/12) Pp. 119-143

https://doi.org/10.29470/JH.201012.0004

摘要

Jonathan Culler曾提到文學研究中經常被忽視的一個基本區別，就是詩學（poetics）和解釋學（hermeneutics）的區別，前者要我們釐清作品是怎樣收到現有效果，後者要我們尋求發現意義何在。然而，一般人研究文學作品傾向於想知道作品要告訴他們有意義的東西，而不是對不同形式在文學中的作用感興趣。因此筆者希望藉由敘事的理論敘事學，此一理論解讀的文本操作，來說明文學效果的嘗試，並分析獨特的敘述是如何實現它的意圖。本文將著重於最複雜亦是最易混淆的「聚焦」作一理論溯源與分析。因敘述者與聚焦這兩個不同的概念，歷來在文學研究的過程中時常混為一談，早期學界常以「敘事觀點」統稱之，但在文本分析上並無法釐清「誰說」與「誰看」兩個不同的問題。因此，筆者嘗試從Genette的敘述語式所展演的距離與視角的兩個層次出發，並藉由「語式」（mood）與「語態」（voice）的分析，釐清「誰看」與「誰說」，也就是聚焦與敘述者兩個不同的問題。

關鍵字

敘事學 ； 聚焦 ； 敘述者 ； 展示 ； 講述

並列摘要

Jonathan Culler once ever mentioned about a basic distinction, too often neglected in Iiterary studies, is the distinction between poetics and hermeneutics. The former tries to understand how works achieve the effects they do, while the latter wants us to seek the meanings of the works. Generally, people study works not because they are interested in the functioning of literature, but because they think these works have significant things to tell them. Therefore, this article hopes to use the theory-narratology to account for the attempt of literary works and analyze how unique narration actualize its intention. Because narrator and focalization are different conceptions which are often confused with each other in literature studies, this article would focus on the conception ”focalization”. I try to trace back and analyze the theory. For example, the early .academic field in studying literature frequently called ”narrative viewpoint,” but it can't distinguish ”who speaks?” from ”who sees?” Therefore, this article tries to start discussing the issue from Genette's narrative moods, which present two levels of distance and perspective, and analyze the conceptions of mood and voice in order to distinguish ”who sees?” from ”who speaks?” which, namely, are referred to were about two different questions of focalization and narrator.

並列關鍵字

narratology ； focalization ； narrator ； showing ； telling