官僚組織殺人嗎？從理性化的弔詭看官僚組織的矛盾與衝突

Is the Bureaucracy a Killer? Viewing the Positive and Negative Terrains of Bureaucracy from the Paradox of Rationality

王光旭(Guang-Xu Wang)

《師大政治論叢》 7&8期 (2007/02) Pp. 1-33

https://doi.org/10.6788/JNTNUPS.200702.0001

摘要

「官僚殺人嗎」？是一種對西方理性化思想與科學主義的過渡膨脹帶來負面效應的反動，其全然彰顯在官僚組織理性型模、非人情化的無情、僵化的機械結構，以及權威宰制等特質上。在近代西方文明的發展的過程中，工具理性和形式理性取得了壓倒性的優勢，形成了所謂社會的理性化(the rationalization of society)。而理性官僚制的擴張，便是由於工具理性的特質，和理性化社會趨向工具理性之社會能相互配合，使其如魚得水般的恣意擴張。
Max Weber對於理性官僚制的擴張，是懷著戒慎恐懼的不信任態度。原本在意義上為中性的官僚體系(bureaucratic system)，現今常被使用當作「政治性的咒罵語」(political cussword)，亦被視為是代表政治職能的代罪羔羊。本文認為，工具理性與實質理性的弔詭在社會科學的辯論中幾不可能有一個合適的解決方法，唯一可以引領我們的是，在現世的生活中，有太多需要涉及到價值判斷的事務，需要我們以有效率的手段來達成，即便如執行國家意志的官僚也不例外。
據此，本文嘗試透過公共選擇理論、社會學制度論及行政哲學中的「理性觀點」與Weber的對話，並藉此來檢視官僚組織中理性概念的衝突與矛盾。此外，本文更冀望進一步在行政理論中找出融合工具理性與實質理性互斥的秩序的因子，希望能為官僚組織的理性設計找到一個能適應現代社會需求的平衡點。

關鍵字

實質理性 ； 工具理性 ； 理性弔詭 ； 官僚殺人 ； Max Weber

並列摘要

Is bureaucracy a killer? The over-expansion of the rational thought and scientific doctrines initiate a negative effect to our daily life that express on the dysfunctional characteristics of the model of rationality, bureaucratic personality, and phenomenon of mechanism etc.... The dysfunctions of bureaucratic organization always become more expansive by following the interaction process of the over-inflation of both formal rationality and the trend of rationalization in the modern society.
The originally positive and functional aspect of bureaucratic organization has become a kind of political cussword nowadays. The paradox between the instrumental rationality and essential rationality, as we can see in the arguments above, will never been settled down by one or more capable approaches. In fact, the only and most enlightened behavior we should take in common life is that there are so many affairs involved in the value judgment, which enforce us to resolve by using efficient tactics. Obeying the same logic, the similar attitude should be also executed by the bureaucracy enacting the national will.
Though there is no answer in the reconciliation between the positive and negative terrains of bureaucracy. In view of the above, we also attempt to analyze the logical paradox of the bureaucratic rationality and find a way to reconcile formal and substantive rationality by inspecting and comparing the concept of rationality of rational choice theorem, sociological institutionalism and the philosophy of Public Administration in this research.

並列關鍵字

formal rationality ； substantive rationality ； Weber ； the paradox of rationality ； bureaucracy is a killer

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