Rethinking the Traditional East Asian Regional Order The Tribute System as a set of Principles, Norms, and Practices

傳統東亞區域秩序的再思考：朝貢制度之原則、規範與實踐

金鳳珍(Bongjin KIM)

《臺灣東亞文明研究學刊》 14卷1期 (2017/06) Pp. 119-170

https://doi.org/10.6163/tjeas.2017.14(1)119

摘要

Despite the limits of its traditional usage, the concept of the tribute system captures a prominent feature of historical East Asian foreign relations and politics. As such, with revision and elaboration, the tribute system could still represent a useful model. Therefore I will create an elaborated model, constitutive of the tribute system as international society, and scrutinize its organizing principles, norms and practices. First, taking a multi-dimensional view, I examine an elaborated model of the tribute system including its subsystems. Second, I describe the Korean sadaekyorin (C: shida, serving the big; jiaolin, the interrelationship with neighboring countries) system as a semi-tribute system, and ＂the way of kyorin＂ (Mencius) as a principle. Third, I examine the system as a set of principles, norms and practices based upon Confucian or Neo-Confucian ideas and concepts, focusing on two of them, gong tianxia (All-under-Heaven as, or for, the public) and li (principle, law, or reason) as the basis of li* (rites), to understand the organizing principles of the traditional East Asian regional order. Fourth, I explore the distinctive meaning of two dichotomies: hierarchy/parity in Daoist discourse and inequality/equality in Confucian discourse. Noting that ＂Sovereignty can be - and is - divisible＂, I explain the significance of the ＂endemic＂ sovereignty of the tributary states. I conclude with several reasons for the collapse of the tribute system in the modern era, and observations on China's approach to global governance and strategy, speculating a new East Asian regional order in the future.

關鍵字

Tribute System ； Semi-Tribute ； Principles ； Hierarchy ； Sovereignty

並列摘要

儘管受到傳統用法的侷限，朝貢制度的觀念捕捉到過去東亞的對外關係與政治的主要特色。因此，只要加上修正及詳細闡述，朝貢制度仍然可以代表一個有用的模式。於是筆者將創造出一個以朝貢制度為國際社會的精細模型，並仔細檢視其組織原則、規範與實踐。首先，筆者以多面向的觀點，檢視朝貢制度的精細模型（包含其子制度在內）。其次，筆者將把朝鮮的「事大交鄰」制度描述為一個半朝貢制度，並把交鄰之道（孟子）描述為一種原則。第三，筆者檢視這種制度時，乃將其視為以儒學或理學觀念及概念為基礎的一整套原則、規範和實踐，把重點放在作為「禮」之基礎的兩個觀念----公天下及理，以瞭解傳統東亞區域秩序的組織原則。第四，筆者探討兩個二分法個別的意義：道家學說的階層制度/同等，與儒家學說的不平等/平等。筆者指出主權可以是----也確實是----可分割的，藉此說明朝貢國的「地方」主權。最後筆者列出幾個朝貢制度在現代崩潰的原因，並就中國面對全球治理的手段及策略提出觀察，臆測東亞未來新的區域秩序。

並列關鍵字

朝貢制度 ； 半朝貢 ； 原則 ； 階層制度 ； 主權

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