從「人文自然」的視角試論老莊異同及儒道對話

Discussion of Similarities and Differences between Laozi and Zhuangzi and the Dialogue between Confucianism and Taoism from the Perspective of ＂Humanistic Nature＂

洪千雯(Hung, Chian-ven)

《玄奘佛學研究》 37期 (2022/03) Pp. 119-148

摘要

「自然」，是道家極其重要的哲學思想；「人文」，則泰半歸入儒家範疇。然而，道家純然只重「自然」，而與人文關懷隔絕嗎？對此項問題的反思，引起本文的撰寫動機。通過《老子》、《莊子》「人文自然」的探究，本文試圖揭示「道家式的人文精神」與「自然」息息相關，更能與儒家建立對話平台，從而豐富儒道兩家的人文內涵。誠然，道家可以明確揭去只論「自然」、不重「人文」的標籤，進而走出傳統成見的囿限，展現道家原本該具勝場的哲學深意。更重要的是，《老子》、《莊子》「人文自然」可延伸為道家的入世關懷，進而回應「後」疫情時期的反思。如「氣論型態」的人文自然觀，對於如何提升心理境界與生理健康的身心養生課題，提出具體操作的方法；「他者倫理」的人文自然觀，探究群我分際等現代倫理觀點。以上議題，誠為道家因應人心、走出困境的哲學良方。綜上，本文嘗試疏理以下脈絡：其一，「人文自然」的內涵為何；其二，老莊「人文自然」的型態與異同；其三，闡述儒道「人文自然」的互補性對話，進而回應道家是否只重天道等問題。據此，本文嘗試揭示道家「人文自然」的多元面向，期能提供哲學反思的不同視角與回應。

關鍵字

人文自然 ； 老子 ； 莊子 ； 儒道對話

並列摘要

＂Nature＂ is an extremely important philosophical thinking of Taoism and ＂humanism＂ mostly falls into the category of Confucianism. However, is Taoism only focused on ＂nature,＂ and isolated from humanistic care? The reflection on this issue aroused my motivation for writing this article. This article is aimed at revealing that ＂Taoist-style humanistic spirit＂ is closely related to ＂nature＂, and can establish a dialogue with Confucianism, thereby enriching the humanistic connotation of both Confucianism and Taoism according to the study on ＂humanistic nature＂ of ＂Laozi＂ and ＂Zhuangzi＂. It is true that the Taoist can get rid of the label ＂only talking about nature without caring about humanity＂, breaks down the traditional stereotype, and shows the profound philosophical meaning that Taoism carries originally. More importantly, the ＂humanistic nature＂ of ＂Laozi＂ and ＂Zhuangzi＂ can be interpreted as the Taoist's worldly care, responding to the reflections in the ＂post-pandemic＂ period. For example, the humanistic nature of ＂Chi ism＂ is a way to propose specific operating methods for how to improve the mental state and physical health and the humanistic nature of ＂others' ethics＂ is a way to explore modern ethical perspectives such as the division between the group and the self. These are really philosophical remedies for Taoists to respond to people's hearts and get out of predicament. In summary, this article is aimed at clarifying the following context: first, what is the connotation of ＂humanistic nature＂; second, the types of Laozi's ＂humanistic nature＂ and Zhuang's ＂humanistic nature＂, as well as the similarities and differences between them; third, expounding the complementary dialogue between the ＂humanistic nature＂ of Confucianism and that of Taoism, and then responding to whether Taoism only emphasizes Tao. Based on this, this article is aimed at revealing the diverse aspects of ＂humanity and nature＂ in Taoism, hoping to provide different perspectives of and responses to philosophical reflection.

並列關鍵字

Humanistic Nature ； Laozi ； Zhuangzi ； Dialogue between Confucianism and Taoism

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