中國琉璃起源與玻璃科學考古：從文創企業琉璃工房與琉園談起

20 餘年來文創企業「琉璃工房」與「琉園」已成為中國琉璃藝術的代表，將脫臘鑄造法（Pâte-de-verre）發揮的淋漓盡致，其作品為全世界許多知名博物館所珍藏與展示。「琉璃」一詞最早出現在正史《後漢書．西域傳》，於介紹大秦（羅馬帝國）產物時曾提及；但大秦的琉璃應是指西方「玻璃」，而非傳統天然琉璃寶石；故後來「琉璃」與「玻璃」二詞混用成為普遍現象。琉璃剛開始被用來做「琉璃珠」等穿戴配飾之用，至魏晉南北朝時琉璃已被製作成文具與餐具等器物。中國古玻璃製造技術非全由西方傳入（外來說），在內地（黃河、長江流域）之古玻璃是自行製造的（自創說），從科學考古得知其演變經過五個階段，分別是：一、原始磁釉與鉀鈣玻璃時期，二、鉛鋇玻璃與鉀玻璃時期，三、高鉛玻璃時期，四、鉀鉛玻璃時期，五、鉀鈣玻璃時期。無論如何，中國自行製造的古玻璃與西方「鈉鈣玻璃」系統明顯不同。

關鍵字

琉璃工房；琉園；琉璃；玻璃

並列摘要

Liuligonfang and Tittot have established their reputation and name brands as world renowned Chinese glassware maker for over two decades. Many national museums around the globe collect and exhibit their art works since they successfully refined the Pâte-de-verre technology for making the Chinese glassware and brought glass art work to the next level. The term ＂Liuli＂ first appeared in the Chinese history during Han Dynasty in describing artifacts imported from the Rome Empire. However, it was likely referring to western glassware instead of traditional Chinese glass work or precious stone. From then on, it was fairly common to see the terms ＂Luili＂ and ＂glass＂ being used interchangeably despite that sometimes Luili was thought as exotic Chinese glassware. In the beginning, Luili was used to make beads that went along with necklace or decorative chains. Around 220 - 589 A.D. Chinese people started using Luili to make stationery and tableware. The technology of ancient Chinese glasswork was not completely imported from the West. Surrounding Yangzi River and Yellow River region, ancient Chinese glasswork was developed with native manufacturing method, according to archeology findings. The Chinese glasswork evolved through the following five eras: 1) primitive ceramic glaze and potassium calcium glass era, 2) lead barium and potassium glass era, 3) high lead glass era, 4) potassium lead glass era, and 5) potassium calcium glass era. All materials and processes applied in ancient Chinese glassmaking were different from that of the Western ＂sodium calcium＂ glass processing method.