「民族戲劇」的話語權爭奪：從《中央日報》看抗戰時期「戲劇的民族形式」討論

抗戰時期中國文藝界有關「戲劇的民族形式」之討論，對後續中國的戲劇發展產生深遠影響。左翼戲劇陣營在其中逐漸形成一套「強調工農兵立場」，並以庶民大眾熟悉的「民間形式」為依歸的「民族戲劇想像」。而右翼陣營對此議題的態度則長期為研究者所忽略。本文透過考察梳理國民黨機關報《中央日報》中與「戲劇的民族形式」相關文章，探討右翼陣營的態度與回應，以及其中所反映出的「民族戲劇」話語權爭奪現象。在《中央日報》，1935年王泊生引起「話劇與新歌劇之爭」，當時「民族形式」一詞即已出現在相關討論中。1941年之前《中央日報》主要以「通俗文藝」角度探討與戲劇的民族形式相關的「舊形式運用」議題。1941年「皖南事件」後，則出現右翼主張的「民族主義戲劇」對「民族形式」的批評，呈現出左、右翼對於「民族戲劇」的話語權爭奪，亦反應長久以來「階級」與「民族」話語的對峙與競合。《中央日報》中曾出現對「民族戲劇」與「新歌劇」不同的想像，然而隨著共產黨取得政權，以「工農兵」為主角的民族戲劇想像奪得了話語權，在數十年間成為中國戲劇唯一的聲音。

關鍵字

民族形式；中央日報；民族戲劇；新歌劇；王泊生

並列摘要

Discussions about ＂National Form of Drama＂ during the Anti-Japanese War have huge impact on the further development of Chinese drama. During this period, the left-wing party, affiliated with the stance of ＂Workers, Peasants, and Solders＂, gradually formed its picture of ＂National Drama＂ on the basis of populace's ＂Folk Style＂. However, the right-wing party's attitude toward this subject has been long neglected by researchers. By investigating into and analyzing of the KMT's official newspaper, Central Daily News, and its articles about ＂National Form of Drama＂, this paper discusses the right-wing party's attitudes and responses, and the phenomenon of competing for a greater voice in National Drama. According to the Central Daily News, Wang Bo Sheng in 1935 brought about the issue of ＂Competition between Drama and New Opera＂, and the term ＂National Form＂ thus appeared in relevant discussion. Before 1941, the Central Daily News mainly discussed the national form of drama from the perspective of ＂Popular Literary Art＂ and focused on the topic of ＂reutilizing old forms＂. After the South Anhui Incident of 1941, however, the right-wing criticized the ＂National Form＂ and maintained in favor of ＂Nationalist Drama＂, and hence creating a struggle for the legitimate voice between the right and the left, responding to the long-term confrontation and coopetition of the discourses between ＂Nationalism＂ and ＂Class＂. There were different pictures of National Drama and New Opera appearing in the Central Daily News; however, when the CPC gained the power, National Drama featuring ＂Workers, Peasants and Soldiers＂ came to the dominating position and has become the only voice in Chinese Drama in the decades to come.