台灣民粹主義轉變的探討：選舉民粹主義的形成

A Study of the Transition of Taiwan's Populism: The Formation of Populist Electoralism

黃昱珽(Yu-Ting Huang)

《弘光人文社會學報》 17期 (2014/07) Pp. 52-73

摘要

過去台灣民粹主義的研究以拉丁美洲的強人政治為對照，發展出「民粹威權主義」的理論觀點，以解釋台灣的民粹主義現象的形成，民粹主義已隨著台灣的民主化而轉型。隨著民主政治的逐漸穩固，此概念已不能解釋台灣今日蓬勃發展的民粹主義現象，因而需要重新探究台灣民粹主義的特質。本文認為下列三個情境因素，促使了台灣選舉民粹主義形成：首先是在國民黨政權禁止集會結社與開放地方層級選舉的雙重結構之下，台灣政治的反對運動因而普遍具有組織薄弱、直接動員群眾的民粹主義傾向。其次，政黨輪替後民進黨無法有效掌控國家機器，因而仍採取過去直接訴諸群眾的民粹主義模式。最後，媒體與網絡的發達普及，有助於民粹主義維持議題能見度，強化對代議政治的不滿。這些因素促成台灣今日的選舉民粹主義，而並未延續過去的民粹威權主義。本文認為選舉民粹主義賦予選舉多重的意義，使得台灣充滿著人民能夠透過支持民粹領袖、經由選舉投票來擊敗、驅逐人民敵人「他者」的想像。

關鍵字

民粹主義 ； 民主 ； 民粹威權主義 ； 選舉民粹主義

並列摘要

Using the populist cases of Latin America in 1930s as references, Taiwan's researchers have developed the concept of 'populist authoritarianism' to explain the phenomenon of populism in Taiwan. Nevertheless Taiwan's populism has transformed itself during the period of democratization, so this concept is no longer able to explain the growing populism in Taiwan as the democracy becomes consolidated. Thus it is necessary to revisit the characteristics of Taiwan's populism. This study argues that the following circumstances have cultivated the formation of Taiwan's electoral populism. Firstly, because the KMT authoritarian regime suppressed the freedom of association but allowed the local elections, the opposition movement had to mobilize unorganized mass of people. Secondly, although the DPP had come to power, they were unable to control effectively the state machine. They then turned to the electoral populism. Finally, mass media provided a significant degree of support for populism because it spread mistrust and disapproval against normal politics. These circumstances have led to the rise of the electoral populism in Taiwan, which provided additional meanings to the elections, and constructed the imagination that the 'people' would eject their enemies, the 'others', by supporting the populist leaders in elections.

並列關鍵字

populism ； democracy ； populist authoritarianism ； electoral populism