- 期刊
明儒高濂《遵生八箋》的養生思想
Health Nourishment Thoughts of Gao Lien, a Confucian in Ming Dynasty-Revealed by Zun Sheng Ba Jian (《遵生八箋》)
摘要
本文所謂儒，是儒士、知識分子的意思，意指傳統的知識分子，並不局限於儒家。從《遵生八箋》的內容，我們發現高子三教兼修。尤其在思想方面，雖然道家道教的成分較濃，但亦不排斥儒家的內容。擇優而取、兼融並蓄，這是作者的思想傾向。 《遵生八箋》一書最大的特色，是它從多方面論述養生，大綱有八，細目無數。面面俱到，罄無不盡。它不僅包括生理、社會、心理，而且包括生活怡養、交友旅遊、書畫鑑賞、生活目標等各個層面；名之曰全方位養生，實不為過。把養生提升為生活理想，則養生即修道，無時不是養生，無處不是養生；凡有生者，皆須如此生活如此養生；養生學的地位與價值，大大地向上提升。 高子不僅是個理論家，而且是個實踐家。全書涉及廣泛，而各方面、各領域，他都有相當的實踐和心得。外交職務給他方便，經濟情況提供他條件，這是可遇而不可求的，因此成就了這一部曠古的養生學著作。書中諸如食物製作、藥物炮製、丹道修持、旅遊經歷、器物玩賞各方面，他都有獨到的心得。可見他不只是一個理論家，而且是個實行家。與知識分子的書空咄咄，大不相同。 明代中葉，道教興盛，靈丹秘藥的內容，也滲透到高子書中。幸好高子自有定見，對於道教種種奇方異術，多數收錄而不提倡；至於淫術，則深惡痛絕。他比較相信的，是通任督二脈，以為切實可行。對於道教作這樣的取捨，是一個實踐家很可能歸至的結果。語云：實踐是檢驗真理唯一的標準。不管是不是唯一，至少是主要的指標。其餘奇異的部分，應該採取審慎的態度。如果不是信而有徵，怎麼可以著書立說、傳諸後世呢？ 以一人之力，集各家之長；在理念和實踐方面均有建樹，奠立養生學新的里程碑。高濂不愧是養生學大師，《遵生八箋》一書確實是養生學的經典鉅著。
並列摘要
The so-called Confucian does not necessarily associate with Confucianism. In Chinese tradition, it also broadly means a Chinese intellectual, which can be evidently exemplified by one of Ming's Confucians, Gao Lien, whose Zun Sheng Ba Jian illustrates that Gao Lien had synthetically grasped the essence of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism Zun Sheng Ba Jian was featured by its eight-dimensioned exploration on health nourishment in detail, a holistic view including not only physiological, social, and psychological consideration but also daily-life nourishment, social intercourse, traveling, Chinese brush writing appreciation, and so forth. To Gao Lien health nourishment is an ideal of living, and a way to cultivate one’s spiritual life. Therefore, one can nourish his or her health anytime and anywhere. This is true to every human. The status and value of health nourishment had been greatly proposed by Gao Lien. Gao Lien was both a theorist and a practicer. His comprehensive work, covering topics from food cooking, medicine refining, Taoist spiritual cultivation through medicine taking, traveling, to utensils appreciation, shows that he had actual practices and real experience. This could be attributed to his position as a diplomatic official and sufficient finance, which brought him great convenience to collect medicine recipes whenever and wherever he could. His work made a distinction from his contemporaries'. The middle of Ming dynasty saw the flourishing of Taoism and also the development of various Chinese medicine recipes based on different branches of Taoist thoughts. Though Gao Lien gathered medicine recipes of queerness, he didn't intend to promote them. As for those obscene techniques, he held a negative attitude toward them. What he believed more was to make the two major meridians in our body unobstructed to maintain physical health. What he approved and disapproved about Taoist medicine recipes and health maintenance revealed that he was a real practicer and experimentalist. To him, practicing and doing experiments lead to the most important, if not the only, way to verify truth. Such stringent and experimental attitude made him hold a conservative point of view to those queer thoughts and medicine recipes, and create his outstanding work. Gao Lien set up a new mileage for health nourishment, and his Zun Sheng Ba Jian was a classic in this field.