佛教與遼代社會關係探析

Buddhism and Social Relations of the Liao Dynasty

陳曉偉(Xiao-Wei Chen)

《中華人文社會學報》 10期 (2009/03) Pp. 146-169

摘要

契丹立國之初，統治者出於政治考慮，接受了佛教，而後繼者亦對其推崇。崇佛的形式多樣，如招徠僧眾、捐施寺院、禮遇高僧等。在此政策影響下，佛教在民間得到了廣泛的傳播，百姓日常生活融入了諸多佛教因素，如「千人邑」組織的出現，婦女盛行「佛妝」，民間的節慶等。但是佞佛也給遼代社會帶來的不利影響，佛教精神不斷侵蝕著契丹人的尚武傳統，使得這個民族變得柔弱不堪，以致後世有「遼以釋廢」的說法。因此，探討遼代的佛教問題頗爲重要。本文立足於「佛教」與「社會」關係的考察，分析社會諸階層，如統治者、貴族以及百姓對於佛教的態度，以此從總體上來認識遼代佛教。

關鍵字

佛教 ； 遼代 ； 社會 ； 崇佛 ； 寺院

並列摘要

Founded at the beginning of Khitan, the Liao Dynasty accept Buddhism for political considerations and was continues by its successors as their Faith. There are various forms of respecting Buddhism, such as recruiting monks, donate many to the temples and reverence to saintly monks. Under the influence of this policy, Buddhism had been widely disseminated. Ordinary people's daily life contains a lot of Buddhist factors, such as the emergence of ”thousand-ap” organizations, the prevalence of ”Buddha makeup” in women and the folk festivals. However, the fanaticism for Buddhism made negative impact on the Liao Dynasty. The Buddhism spirit constantly erode the advocating violence tradition of Khitan, and making this nation increasingly weak. Many argued that Buddhism was the main reason for the fall of the Liao Dynasty taking into account the elimination of the Liao country by Nuzhen. Therefore, to explore the issue of the Buddhism in Liao Dynasty appears to be very important.

並列關鍵字

Buddhism ； Liao Dynasty ； Society ； Worship Buddhism ； Monastery