健身運動與工作記憶之文獻回顧－以研究方式及年齡層觀點探討

Literature reviews of exercise and working memory: Perspectives of type of studies and ages

闕廷宇(Ting-Yu Chueh) ； 謝潄石(Shu-Shih Hsieh) ； 黃崇儒(Chung-Ju Huang) ； 洪聰敏(Tsung-Min Hung)

《臺灣運動心理學報》 16卷1期 (2016/05) Pp. 119-149

https://doi.org/10.6497/BSEPT2016.1601.07

摘要

工作記憶是認知功能中重要的成分之一，與許多高層次認知能力有關，但隨著老化的過程，其能力也隨之下降，因此如何維持及提升工作記憶是一重要的課題。本回顧研究目的主要探討健身運動對不同年齡層工作記憶之效益，聚焦在橫斷性研究、長期介入及急性介入性研究。結果顯示對於老年人而言，在橫斷性研究一致發現身體活動量及心肺適能水準對於工作記憶表現、大腦結構及神經運作有正面效益，就長期介入性研究而言，則必須考量運動處方及測驗類型。對於其它年齡層而言，不論是身體活動量、心肺適能水準及長期有氧運動訓練對於工作記憶的效益則出現在需要高認知要求的測驗或情境上。在急性運動研究中，約中等強度的有氧運動對於不同年齡層在工作記憶表現大多有正面影響，單次性中等阻力運動及瑜珈運動對於成年人亦有正面效果。建議未來在橫斷性研究中，可針對自變項探討不同體適能次成分、運動型態及採取較客觀的測量方式；介入性研究中，可採用不同運動處方及針對不同年齡層來作進一步探討。

關鍵字

身體活動 ； 執行功能 ； 年紀 ； 電生理儀器 ； 健身運動心理學

並列摘要

Working memory (WM) is a critical component of cognitive function which can predict a broad range of higher-order cognitive capabilities. WM declines with the aging process. As such, maintaining or improving WM has becoming an important issue in cognitive integrity. The aim of this review is exploring benefits of exercise on WM in different age of participants which focus on cross-sectional, chronic exercise intervention, and acute exercise approaches. In summary, cross-sectional studies have consistently found that physical activity level (PAL) and cardiovascular fitness (CRF) were positively associated with WM, brain structure, and neuro processing in older adults. However, benefits of chronic exercise depend on exercise prescription. Regardless of PAL and CRF, chronic aerobic exercise was beneficial for tasks that require greater cognitive demand in adults and children. Benefits of acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise on WM were evidenced in most studies regardless of ages whereas acute moderate resistance exercise and yoga exercise had positive benefits on WM in adults. In future studies, exploring other subcomponents of physical fitness, exercise type, and adopting objective measurements of independent variables in cross-sectional studies are recommended. In addition, exploring various exercise prescription and focusing other age of participants are suggested for interventional studies.

並列關鍵字

physical activity ； executive function ； age ； electrophysiological measurement ； exercise psychology

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